NCERT Notes for UPSC

Water transport is feasible because creating a route isn’t needed for navigating waterways. It is much more affordable as water creates less friction as compared to land. The fuel/energy expenses associated with water transportation are much lower. Water transport can be further classified into inland waterways and sea routes. Sea Routes The ocean is a […]

Hydrological Cycle  Water circulates within the hydrosphere of the earth in the form of gas, liquid, and solid. This movement of water is known as the hydrological cycle. Because of this cycle, the water gets exchanged between land, atmosphere, ocean, and organism subsurface.  As water can be reused and recycled, it is known to be

Water is an essential element in daily life. Water is used by all living organisms on earth to perform their life processes. Contaminants are the suspended and dissolved impurities of the water. Humans contaminate water through their activities. Drinking contaminated water results in the development of diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and arrowhead. Polluted water

Volcanoes are said to be the Earth’s geologic architects. Volcanoes have created more than 80% of the Earth’s surface. The hot active volcano eruptions laid the foundation of the earth where life blooms and flourishes. A volcano is like an Earth’s surface opening from where the gases, ashes, and molten rock material escapes and gushes

In geography class 11: Volcanic landforms, the story is all about the variety of landforms of volcanoes.  Volcanic eruptions are one of the most powerful forces on the planet, capable of drastically altering the surrounding area. A volcano is a landform formed by the eruption of lava from the Earth’s crust. Molten lava pushes the

Introduction Villages and towns are an essential part of the history of any place. The common image of a village that is formed in the minds of the people is that of a house made of mud and clay with thatched roofs. There is also the notion that villages and small towns do not have

Vijayanagar, Nayaka and Kerala Murals After Ajanta, Only few sites with paintings have survived, which provide valuable evidence to reconstruct the tradition of paintings. The sculptures, too, were plastered and painted. In many places where carving and painting were carried out simultaneously, the tradition of cave excavation continued. Vijayanagara Murals: The 14th century paintings at

A plant is a living thing that grows in the soil. There are various kinds of plants including herbs, shrubs, creepers, climbers, and trees. Irrespective of their kind, plants have various parts such as stem, root, leaf, fruit, and flower. Each of these parts serves a specific function to fulfill the needs of the plant.

Historical monuments are symbols of India’s rich cultural heritage. These architectural buildings in India serve as actual guardians of exceptional artistic skill. India is diverse in terms of culture, heritage monuments, sanctuaries, posts, and royal homes. A substantial chunk of India’s landmarks and fortresses represent the country’s cultural history. The architecture, art, and temple construction

The art of designing and crafting jewellery is known as jewellery design. This is one of the earliest types of decorating in human history, extending back at least 7,000 years to the first known human communities in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The craft has evolved throughout the years, from basic beading in ancient times to intricate