NCERT Notes for UPSC

The emergence of the writing tradition of Mesopotamia dates back to 3500 BCE as the very first writing involving representative images of objects and animals. The pictographs provided only a means to depict nouns, and there was a need for a better way of writing. The development of writing helped develop a form that was […]

Symbols of Worship While meditating under a tree, Buddha attained enlightenment. Rather than depicting the Buddha in physical form, early sculptors demonstrated his presence via symbols The vacant seat was intended to symbolise the Buddha’s meditation. This is one of the symbols of worship The stupa was intended to symbolise mahaparinibbana. This is one of

Introduction In past centuries, the world saw a dramatic change in population growth numbers. In earlier stages, the rate of population change was slow. However, in the present time, the trends in population growth have risen subsequently. Currently, the world population is 7.9 billion, and it is expected to reach 9.9 billion by the year

Introduction Wood’s Despatch and Report of William Adam were two significant events that took place during British rule. Sir Charles Wood, who was the president of the board of control out there during British rule, played a crucial role in spreading English throughout the Indian continent. Wood was very ambitious and wanted to spread English

Wind Flow Pattern The wind is the movement of air. The Earth’s surface around the equators receives the most sunlight, while the poles receive the least. As a result, the Earth is heated unevenly. This causes warm air from the equatorial zone to rise, while frigid air from the polar region rushes to take its

Introduction: Defining a government An organization that takes decisions and enacts laws on behalf of a country’s population is called a government. In this article, we will talk about what government is, its types, levels, and functions. First, we need to understand why a country needs a government. To make the best use of resources

Weathering is the mechanical and chemical degradation of rocks due to the operations of different weather and climate variables. Weathering is the effect of climate and environmental components on granular soils. Weathering comprises various processes that operate alone or in concert to influence the earth’s components and reduce them to fragments. Since weathering consists of

Weather and Climate The weather of a location refers to the day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, etc. The components of the weather are temperature, humidity, and other aspects. The weather in a location fluctuates from day to day and week to week. The climate of an area

Water is a basic and crucial need for all living beings. There can be no existence of living lives without it. Even plants wither and eventually scorch if they are not irrigated for a few days. Water availability 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water stored in the seas and oceans, ice caps,

Water is a liquid that is colourless, odourless, clear, and tasteless in nature. It is essential for plants and animal life. The maximum part of the Earth is covered with water (two-thirds). Most of the water is present in the oceans and is saline. Thus, it is unfit for drinking and other domestic, agricultural, and