Atoms and Nuclei

One of the earliest models proposed to describe the structure of an atom was the plum pudding model proposed by J.J. Thomson. It described the atom consisting of a homogeneous sphere of positive charge, inside of which are tiny negatively charged particles called electrons.  In order to test the validity of this model, Ernest Rutherford […]

The Rutherford model, also known as the Rutherford atomic model, the Nuclear atom or planetary atom was proposed by New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford in 1911. In 1909, he used alpha particles to investigate the composition of gold foil. The model described the atom as a small, dense, charitable compound called the nucleus, in which

Ernest Rutherford, a British scientist who won the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1908, conducted the alpha particle scattering experiment. He gave the Rutherford Atomic Model based on his observation and proposed the atomic structure of elements. He was interested in knowing how the electrons are placed in an atom. Still, the 𝛂-particle scattering experiment

J.J Thomson discovered electrons through a pudding model. Later on, his discovery of the nature of the atom was studied by Rutherford. In the Rutherford atomic model, the alpha particles were bombarded into a gold sheet. The alpha particles were used intentionally to be able to track their trajectory when bombed into the gold sheet,

Bohr’s atomic model is the alteration of Rutherford’s atomic model, which appeared in 1915. It comprises a “little nucleus (positively charged)” encompassed by “negative electrons” moving around the nucleus in “orbits”. Bohr saw that an electron away from the centre has more energy, and electrons near the centre have less energy.  As shown by this

A hydrogen spectrum is defined as the spectral lines of radiation emitted from a hydrogen atom. The spectral lines fall between the ultraviolet and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and are a result of the electronic transitions from one energy level to another. These lines are divided into six series and named after the

Hydrogen is the very first element of Henry Moseley’s modern periodic table. It is non-metal and consists of one electron and one proton. Every element in the periodic table has its properties, one of them being the emission of electromagnetic radiation. Whenever the electron of a hydrogen atom absorbs energy or radiation, it is called

Introduction As you may be aware that electrons in an atom or a molecule consume energy, get excited and jump to a higher energy level from a lower energy level, and then emit radiation when they return to their initial states. This phenomenon accounts for the emission spectrum through hydrogen as well, known as the

The hydrogen spectrum is “multi-dimensional”, with “more than three lines” visible to the naked eye. Both the “ultraviolet” and “infrared” parts of the spectrum can be used to detect “patterns of lines”. These are divided into several “series” of lines, each named after the individual who found them, as detailed hereon.  Three of these series

In 1915, a Danish physicist named Neils Bohr came up with the Bohr atomic model. He resolved the issues and constraints that arose from Rutherford’s model of an atom.  Rutherford had discovered that the core of the atom is positively charged and encircled by electrons (negatively charged particles). He also postulated that electrons move in