Atomic Structure

Resonance structures are the Lewis structure sets that characterize the electron’s delocalization in a molecule or a polyatomic ion. Resonance structures are a more accurate representation of a Lewis dot structure than Lewis dot structures because they clearly illustrate the bonding between molecules. Not all resonance structures are created equal; some are superior to others. […]

In addition to classical and non-classical ions, this ion also belongs to a class of its own.  These ions each contain a single carbon atom that is positioned so that it is hovering over a polygon with four or five sides, giving the appearance of a pyramid.  The charge that is carried by the pyramidal

Electron, the world’s lightest subatomic particle Ionised water, has an electric charge of 1.602176634×10-19 coulombs. The electron’s rest mass is 9.109389 10-31 kilograms or 1/1,836 the mass of a proton. An electron has almost negligible mass compared to a proton or neutron, therefore its mass is not included in determining an atom’s mass number. The

In their electron clouds, neutral nonpolar species exhibit spherically symmetric electron configurations. Their electron clouds can be altered in the presence of an electric field (Figure 1 ). The polarizability of an atom or molecule determines how easily it can be distorted. Because of the generated distortion of the electron cloud, the previously nonpolar molecule

Volume defects, point defects, surface defects, and line defects are the four types of faults or imperfections seen in crystalline solids. Point defects are flaws/faults in solid crystals. Crystal point flaws were initially discovered in ionic crystals; simpler metal crystals seldom exhibit faults. Many tiny crystals join together to form crystalline solids in a process

Phosphorus, atomic number 15, is a p-block element of the periodic table. It is a member of group 15.  It is generally not found in a pure state in nature. It can be obtained from phosphate rocks. Several allotropic forms of phosphorus are known – white phosphorous, red phosphorous, violet, and black phosphorus. Red and

In high school science class, we learn about the building blocks of life: atoms. We learnt about the chemical and physical properties of atoms and the elements they make up. The question is, what do we do with that information? What is its purpose in our day-to-day lives? Let’s take a closer look at one

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth are all members of the nitrogen family of chemicals (Bi). The electron configuration ns2np3 is found in the outer shells of all Group 15 elements, where n is the primary quantum number. As seen in the diagram, the nitrogen family is found in Group 15’s

Electrons Electrons are the lightest of subatomic particles. Electrons have a mass, and they have a charge. An electron has a negative charge. Electrons have been in existence since the beginning of the universe. Since it is an electrical particle, it has mass. It is the lightest particle in the universe. Tiny compared to protons

Pauli Principle explains that no two electrons will have indistinguishable quantum numbers (n, l, , ml and ms) in a single particle. To put it in straightforward terms, each electron ought to have or be in the singlet state. There are two striking rules that the Pauli Guideline follows: Only two electrons can possess the