Atomic Structure

Atomic Number Definition An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. While electrons revolve around the nucleus, protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus. The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number. Every atom of an element has the same number of protons and hence the same atomic number. In other words, […]

The p-Block elements of the periodic table have six subgroups. Boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and helium are the names of the subgroups. In all of these elements, the shells of three p-orbitals are entered by the last electron. Except for Helium, the general configuration is ns2np1-6. The first element of the group is Boron.

Introduction Bohr adapted the idea of planetary electron mobility in order to make the model match the regular patterns (spectral series) of light emitted by real hydrogen atoms. Bohr was able to explain the series of discrete wavelengths in the hydrogen emission spectrum by restricting the circling electrons to a series of circular orbits with

Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons within atoms and molecules among various orbitals (including shells and subshells). There are four principle orbitals (s, p, d, and f) that are filled based on the element’s energy level and valence electrons. Each of the four orbitals can accommodate a different number of electrons. The s-orbital can

The electron is less securely bonded to the nucleus as ‘n’ grows. Higher n distances the electron from the nucleus. There are n recognised l (azimuthal) values ranging from 0 to n-1, therefore higher-n electron states are more common. Each n-shell may hold up to 2n2 electrons with two spin states. As seen in the

The cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system in crystallography in which the unit cell is shaped like a cube. This is a very common and straightforward shape found in crystals and minerals. These crystals are classified into three distinct types: Cubic primitive (alternatively called simple cubic) Cube with a body-centered center (abbreviated

The Pauli Exclusion Principle asserts that no two electrons in an atom or molecule can have the same four electronic quantum numbers, which is the case in nature. Because an orbital may only hold a maximum of two electrons at a time, the spins of the two electrons must be diametrically opposed. If one electron

The word ‘Aufbau’ has German roots and can be roughly translated as ‘construct’ or ‘build up’. A schematic depicting the order in which atomic orbitals are filled is shown in the following section. This equation denotes the primary quantum number as ‘n,’ whereas the azimuthal quantum number is denoted as ‘l’. Limitations of The Aufbau