Atomic Structure

The electrons around the nucleus are assigned to orbitals in quantum theory, which are not to be confused with the orbits of the solar system. Each orbital has a three-dimensional form and a distinct energy. The lowest energy configuration of an atom is called its ground state. The electrons fill the different orbitals from the […]

Electrons orbit around the atomic nuclei at specific energy levels, known as principal energy levels or electron shells, which are defined by the atom’s structure. Each electron shell is made up of one or more subshells, which are themselves composed of electrons. The valence electrons of an atom travel in the subshell that is the

While orbital numbers (e.g., n = 1, 2, 3) represent the energy level of an electron, the letters (s, p, d, f) characterize the orbital shape. The s orbital is a sphere that revolves around the nucleus of an atom. There are shells within the sphere where an electron is more likely to be discovered

According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it is impossible to precisely measure or calculate an object’s position and momentum. The wave – particle duality of matter underpins this principle. Although Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle could be ignored in macroscopic world (uncertainties in the velocity and position of objects with significantly larger masses are minimal), it is extremely important in the

According to the Aufbau Principle, the third energy level occurs when n = 3 and d orbitals are filled by electrons. n-1=3-1=2 is the azimuthal quantum number (l). The magnetic quantum number of the d orbital determines its degeneracy (m). It ranges from –l to +l, yielding -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, and +2. As

Introduction  “Aufbau” comes from the German language and means “construct” or “build up” in a general sense. A schematic depicting the order in which atomic orbitals are filled is shown in the following section. This equation denotes the primary quantum number as ‘n,’ whereas the azimuthal quantum number is denoted as ‘l’. The Building Blocks

The route and movement of an electron within an atom may be described using quantum numbers. The Schrodinger equation must be satisfied when the quantum numbers of all the electrons in a particular atom are combined together. The collection of numbers used to characterise the location and energy of an electron in an atom is

An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the position and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. To determine an atom’s electrons in a precise area surrounding its nucleus, use this function. It can also refer to the actual region or place where the electron is projected to be present given the

Electron is the subatomic particle with a negative one elementary charge on its electric charge. Electrons are the first generation of lepton particles and are often considered to be elementary particles due to their lack of known constituents or substructure. The electron weighs approximately 1/1836 the mass of a proton. The electron’s quantum mechanical features

Metals conduct electricity with the help of valence electrons, which are present in the metal. The atomic orbitals or electron cloud of metals have the same energy, which combines to form molecular orbitals whose energies are closer to one another, resulting in the formation of the ‘band’ of metals. Electrons can flow under the influence