Atomic Structure

A heavy nucleus is surrounded by light electrons. Quantum mechanics governs electron behaviour. Those laws allow electrons to occupy orbitals. Atoms interact nearly entirely via their outermost electrons, hence the structure of those orbitals is critical. For example, when atoms are placed close enough, their outermost orbitals might overlap, forming a strong chemical connection. Quantum […]

Metals conduct electricity with the help of valence electrons, which are present in the metal. The atomic orbitals or electron cloud of metals have the same energy, which combines to generate molecular orbitals whose energies are closer to one another, resulting in the formation of the ‘band’ of metals. Electrons can flow under the influence

According to the Aufbau Principle, electrons in their ground state are filled in the order of increasing energies, starting with the lowest. When comparing lower energy levels to higher energy levels, the atomic orbital with the lowest energy level takes up the most space. The phrase Aufbau is derived from a German word that literally

Orbitals are regions of space surrounding the nucleus where electrons flow. These orbitals can be thought of as shells that surround the nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by major energy levels called shells. Shells are further subdivided into subshells, which are energy levels of similar energy. The labels s, p,d,f and g are assigned to

Atomic radius is the distance measured from the centre of the nucleus to the external shell carrying electrons. It is also known as the distance measured from the centre of the nucleus to the point until the density of the electron cloud becomes maximum. TYPES OF ATOMIC RADII There are three types of atomic radii:-

When two similar atoms are joined together by the bond then the atomic radius is one-half of the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms.  As we move in the periodic table from top to bottom in groups and left to right in periods, a change in the atomic radius is observed. From left

Regular patterns in the properties of chemical elements are revealed by the periodic table of elements, which is a representation of their attributes.The periodic trends of electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, ionic radius, metallic character, and chemical reactivity are just a few examples of the major periodic patterns. The distance between the nucleus’s

The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, generally the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the border of the surrounding shells of electrons. There are several non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius since the boundaries are not well-defined physical objects. Van der Waals radius, ionic radius, metallic radius, and covalent radius are four

Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, and they can combine in a variety of ways to form various substances. Because electrons have a minuscule mass in comparison to protons and neutrons, an atom’s mass is solely determined by protons and neutrons. The mass number of an element is the total number of protons

The atomic nucleus is a compact, dense area at the center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons that was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment of 1909. Dmitri Ivanenko and Werner Heisenberg swiftly devised models for a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons after