Class 12

Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms such viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungus, and parasites.  Animals, humans, insects, and other agents can all spread these infectious diseases. Infectious agents can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes all around us. Some common traits can be used to classify them.  Fungi, bacteria and viruses […]

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a fatal infection caused by the transmission of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) that destroys the white blood cells and decreases the body’s immunity system. When the transmitted HIV attacks a cell, it mixes with its genetic material and stays inactive. After a point of time, the Virus gets activated on its

Reproductive health is a subset of sexual and reproductive health and rights that addresses a person’s well-being in relation to reproductive processes, functions, and systems throughout life. WHO defines health as a collective state of total well-being that includes reproductive health as well as physical, mental, and social well-being. This gives us the definition of

The new generations that an animal goes through from its beginning phase to the early stages of its progeny are referred to as a life cycle. Life cycles vary in severity from pretty simplistic with unicellular bacteria, which start with fission and cease with the caregiver asexually splitting into two identical daughter cells, to extremely

To guarantee proper division and production of progeny cells with intact genomes, these activities, namely cell division, DNA replication, and cell development, must be synchronised. The cell cycle of the B cell is when a cell replicates its genome, synthesises other cell parts, and splits into two daughters. While cell proliferation (in terms of cytoplasmic

The replication of genomic DNA can be separated into three stages:  (1) Initiation, in which the replicative DNA helicase unwinds the origin of DNA replication.  (2) Elongation, in which forks use semi-conservative DNA synthesis to duplicate the chromosome.  (3) Termination, when converging replication forks meet, the process ends. Replication initiation is regulated in bacteria and

Muller is credited with coining the term “telomere.” The work of Barbara McClintock demonstrated that broken chromosomes have sticky ends when compared to natural chromosomal ends, which are stable and do not have a tendency to fuse together. Telomeres are responsible for preventing chromosomes from adhering to one another and for protecting them from deterioration.

INTRODUCTION There are two steps to starting DNA replication. An initiator protein unwinds a small section of the double helix of DNA first. The helicase protein subsequently binds to the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands and breaks them, causing the two strands to separate. The helicase continues to break hydrogen bonds

In a nutshell, sporulation is the generation of spores from vegetative cells in the presence of unfavourable environmental conditions. As such, it can be thought of as an adaptive response that permits an organism to live in the face of adversity (radiation, extreme heat or cold, lack of nutrition etc). Spores (produced during sporulation) are

In a nutshell, sporulation is the generation of spores from vegetative cells in the presence of unfavourable environmental conditions. As such, it can be thought of as an adaptive response that permits an organism to live in the face of adversity (radiation, extreme heat or cold, lack of nutrition etc). Spores (produced during sporulation) are