Class 12

Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester link that exists between two nucleotide chains inside a polynucleotide chain. The deoxyribonuclease I enzyme is one example of an endonuclease that cuts DNA nonspecifically (without regard to sequence), whereas many others, which are commonly referred to as restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, cut DNA exclusively at very […]

Emulsification is the process of forming an oil–water emulsion by dispersing a lipid in a polymer solution in the presence of surfactants, and it is used to make cosmetic products. These techniques have been applied, for example, to the preparation of chitosan nanocapsules containing concentrated unsaturated fatty acid concentrations.  Emulsification Method It is the process

Electrophoresis, which derives from the Ancient Greek words v (lektron, “amber”) and phórsis, “the act of bearing,” is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. Electrophoresis is a technique for separating dispersed particles from a fluid. When applied to positively charged particles (cations), electrophoresis

EcoRI (pronounced “eco R one”) is just a restriction endonuclease enzyme found in the E. coli bacteria. It’s a restriction enzyme that functions to cleave DNA double helices into pieces at certain locations as part of the restriction modification system. The Eco component of the enzyme’s name comes from the species from which it was

Introduction Biotechnology is defined as the controlled manipulation of biological systems, including living cells or cellular components, for the purpose of processing or manufacturing a variety of products that are useful to human beings. As biologists learn more about organisms and develop techniques for manipulating biological systems, they employ not only biological methods but also

The deterioration of natural sources of fresh water supply is linked to an increase in worldwide social economic growth and activities, which produces wastewater with high pollution levels. Water-related technologies and materials development have been a top focus in most wastewater industries due to the negative consequences of pollution in wastewater. Integrating coagulation and filtration

Domestic pollution is the degradation of the environment caused by human activity in the home. Wastewater from the kitchen, bathroom, and laundry facilities is the most common type. Waste is generated during meal preparation, washing dishes, waste disposal, latrine, baths, showers, and drains, among other things. Sewage is a term that refers to wastewater that

Bacteria are also prokaryotic; their domain comprises cells that have bacterial rRNA, lack a nuclear membrane, and have mostly diacyl glycerol diester lipids in their membranes. Historically categorised as bacteria, they flourish in the same surroundings as humans and were the first prokaryotes found; they were briefly referred to as the Eubacteria or “real” bacteria

First time, François Jacob and Jacques Monod emit a molecule that can carry genetic material in the form of proteins. Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing a method for in vitro synthesis of RNA with polynucleotide phosphorylase, useful for decoding the genetic code. RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase

Prokaryotes have been extensively investigated in terms of DNA replication, partly due to the tiny size of their genomes and the large number of mutations that are available. 4.6 million base pairs make up a circular chromosome in the bacteria E. coli, and the entire chromosome is duplicated in around 42 minutes, starting from a