Class 12

Microbes include bacteria, archaea, and single cell eukaryotes – cells with a nucleus, like an amoeba or a paramecium — that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Viruses are sometimes referred to as microorganisms as well.Microbes are microscopic, unicellular organisms that are imperceptible to the naked eye and are found in all […]

Micropropagation, also known as micro cloning or clonal propagation, is the vegetative propagation of plants through the use of tissue culture techniques, such as cells, tissues, organs, and other organs, to increase the number of plants in a given area.  The process of regenerating plants from isolated meristematic or somatic cells or tissues is the

Understanding metabolism is essential for understanding the phenotypic behaviour of all living entities (including humans), as metabolism is essential for health and correct function. Metabolites are the byproducts of metabolic reactions catalysed by a variety of enzymes found naturally in cells. Although this phrase is most commonly used to describe tiny molecules, it is frequently

Fermentation is the act in which organic molecules such as glucose convert into acids, gases, or alcohol in an oxygen-free environment.While studying alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast, Pasteur (1860) discovered that it can respire in the absence of molecular oxygen. This process was termed as anaerobic respiration.In microorganisms, anaerobic respiration is often called fermentation.

Fermentation is a natural process by which we can make ethanol from readily available things such as fruits and vegetables. Ethanol is produced when glucose is fermented in the presence of yeast. The condition should be completely anaerobic. Tubers and grains have been fermented into alcoholic beverages for many years. For instance, they have found

In simple words, fermentation is a process in which the production of organic substances happens. However, the production of such organic substances is through the activity of microbial organisms. Acetic acid, whose common name is vinegar, is also a product of such microbial activity. So, The formation of vinegar is through acetic acid fermentation. The

What is Fermentation? Fermentation is the process of releasing energy from glucose when oxygen is unavailable. The process of Fermentation takes place in yeast cells, bacteria, and in animal muscles.  Respiration that occurs at the smallest level of our bodies – in the cells – is Cellular respiration. This can take place in the absence

Derivatives are typically non-toxic and safe; they’re applicable across a wide range of sectors. Chemists may produce fatty acid derivatives using chemical processes such as hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. Because of their flexibility and environmental friendliness, these derivatives have a considerable market. In light of the fact that petroleum reserves will eventually run out, there is

Endospore and Exospore spores are the two types of spores based on their position. The two types of reproductive structures or spores are endospore and exospore. They are designed as stationary or resting systems. Bacteria are typically responsible for the production of endospores, the most common type of spore. Cyanobacteria, algae, and fungi produce external

Sac Fungi are part of the phylum Ascomycota, which includes the ascomycetes. With around 64,000 species, they are one of the largest phyla of the kingdom fungus. Sac-fungi are what they are often referred to as. They are a part of the sub-kingdom of Dikarya (presence of dikaryon). Ascospores are non-motile spores produced by ascobacteria