Class 12

Apis is the scientific name for honey bees, which is derived from the Latin word for ‘Bees’.  The Apis Mellifera genus includes the majority of European honey bees, with the word ‘Mellifera’ referring to the Latin word for honey-bearing. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the process of managing and breeding honey bees for the […]

Because nucleic acids are sensitive to their activity, some enzymes with a broad action (such as phosphodiesterases, which hydrolyse phosphoric acid esters) are referred to as nucleases. Animals and plants both have nucleases. Restriction enzymes are nucleases that only split DNA molecules in which specific subunits are recognised. Some split the target DNA molecule at

The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), also referred as the Krebs cycle as well as the citric acid cycle, is the second phase of cell respiration, that is a three-stage operation through which cellular membranes decompose organic fuel molecules in the oxygen in order to collect the energy people require to grow and multiply. However

Lorenzo Langstroth was an American beekeeper, missionary and teacher. He was considered the father of “beekeeping” and created the modern Langströs (bee) hive. In modern beekeeping methods, bees are kept in artificial hives that can be moved. Before 1951, no one knew how lucrative modern beekeeping was. Modern beehives have the advantages of high product

Noncompetitive inhibition is distinct from competitive, uncompetitive, and mixed-type inhibition. Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor attaches to the allosteric site of an enzyme without binding to the substrate. Noncompetitive inhibition differs from uncompetitive inhibition, when an inhibitor only binds to the enzyme-substrate complex. The inhibitor prevents the enzyme from producing its product. Because the

Griffith’s experiment was a stepping stone toward the future discovery of genetic material. The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae was used in the Frederick Griffith experiment. Griffith cultured bacteria from the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which grew in two distinct patterns during the experiment. The Griffith Experiment  In 1928, English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith published “Griffith’s Experiment,” which described

Differentiating bacterial species is crucial for a variety of reasons, including detecting infection and ensuring food safety, as well as determining which species gives a cheese its unique flavour. Molecular techniques such as PCR, quantitative PCR, genome sequencing, and mass spectrometry can be used to distinguish bacterial species and even specific strains. Even without delving

Gene therapy is an experimental method of treating illness by modifying the genetic material of the patient. Gene therapy usually involves inserting a healthy copy of a faulty gene into the patient’s cells. Primary immunological deficiencies, where gene therapy has been able to rectify the presentation of patients, and/or cancer, where gene therapy is still

Mycobacterium is thin rods with branching filamentous forms that resemble fungal mycelium. They create a mould-like pellicle in liquid cultures. As a result, the name ‘Mycobacteria,’ which means fungus-like bacteria, was coined in 1896. They do not stain easily, but once stained, they are resistant to decolourisation by dilute mineral acids. So they are also

Mustard is a condiment which is made from the pungent smelling seeds of either of the two main herbs belonging to the family Brassicaceae. The major types are white, or yellow mustard (Sinapis alba) , a plant of Mediterranean origin; and brown, or Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), which is of Himalayan origin. The use of