Class 12

Introduction It is possible to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study it in detail using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete copies or partial copies) […]

Pathogens Pathogens are microorganisms, biological agents, and germs that are infectious and can cause illness and diseases in humans. They can host and cause a condition called pathogenicity, and these are tiny organisms found all over the world. Moreover, if a pathogen enters the body, there are chances that the host may get sick or

 INTRODUCTION What is the definition of a pathogen? Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body of their hosts, develop, and cause illness in the host’s body. It just needs a host body in order to survive. Pathogens are capable of evading the immune system’s detection and response. It likewise relies on body fluids to maintain

Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body of their hosts, develop, and cause illness in the host’s body. It just needs a host body in order to survive. Pathogens are capable of evading the immune system’s detection and response. It likewise relies on body fluids to maintain its existence. Based on the type of microbe,

The vaccine uses your body’s natural defences to build resistance to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger. Immunisation is effective because it instructs the immune system on how to recognise and fight infections, which can be germs or bacteria. Specific disease particles must always be inserted into the body to elicit an immunological

Introduction There is a high possibility of parasites causing human diseases, as parasites are organisms that live in another organism known as the host. A parasite often harms the host. The host has to take some actions to free themselves of parasites and lead a healthy life.  Parasites Parasites are organisms that live on other

Biosafety level meaning A biosafety level (BSL), or microorganisms assurance level, is a set of biocontainment safety measures expected to confine hazardous organic specialists in an encased lab office. BSLs are a progression of assurances consigned to autoclave-related exercises that happen specifically in natural and open seated labs. They are individual shields intended to safeguard

It is a bacterial order composed of bacteria with similar metabolic and physiological features that are gram-positive, have a low GC, are acid tolerant, are generally non sporulating and non respiring, and are either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci). These bacteria, which are typically found in decomposing plants and milk products, are known as lactic

The cellular environment has an impact on cellular function. Adaptation to specific environments is accomplished by controlling the expression of genes that code for the enzymes and proteins essential for survival in a very specific environment. Nutrients, temperature, light, poisons, metals, chemicals, and messages from alternate cells are all factors which influence organic phenomena. Human

Bacteriophages are bacteria-infecting viruses, and certain bacteriophages have been studied extensively in the lab (making them some of the viruses we understand best). In this article, we’ll look at two different ways bacteriophages can infect their bacterial hosts: A phage infects a bacteria, then hijacks it to produce a vast number of phages before killing