Class 12

Primers are short RNA sequences that are synthesised by the enzyme primase. These primers are used to start the synthesis of DNA. Primase is classified as an RNA polymerase since it generates RNA molecules. Primase works by generating complementary short RNA sequences to a single-stranded DNA template. Primers must be created by primase before DNA […]

The process of growing cells in a controlled environment, usually outside of their natural environment, is known as cell culture. After removing the cells of interest from living tissue, they can be kept under carefully controlled conditions. These conditions vary depending on the cell type, but they usually include a suitable vessel with a substrate

Pathogens, also known as infectious agents, are known to spread diseases and cause harm to human health. When these pathogens enter the water body, it can lead to different risk factors, and sometimes the risk is very diverse and fatal.  In humans, pathogens affect the body tissues, resulting in harmful diseases. Though the human immune

Life is dependent on dynamic biochemical processes, and understanding these reactions involves familiarity with physical constants called rate constants. Regrettably, few cellular and molecular biologists know how to measure these key biochemical parameters, and many do not appreciate the worth of constant rates because their only acquaintance with kinetics was only steady-state enzyme kinetics. Then

Plasmodium is a genus of intracellular parasitic protozoa that is usually known as malaria parasites. They are called digenetic parasites because they are obligatory parasites of insects (such as mosquitoes) and vertebrates. To complete their life cycle, they require two separate hosts. They multiply in the liver and red cells of vertebrates, where they not

The term plasmid was coined by Joshua Lederberg. In microbiology, a plasmid is an extrachromosomal genetic element found in many bacterial species. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the chromosome of the bacteria. They aren’t required for the bacterium’s survival, but they may provide a selection advantage. Colicinogenic factors are a type

Tissue culture is a method of biological research in which animal or plant tissue fragments are moved to an artificial environment where they can survive and function. A single cell, a population of cells, or a whole or part of an organ can all be cultured. Cells in culture can grow, change size, shape, or

The pili are the plural form of the Latin word Pilus, which means hair. It is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea. The term pili can also be interchangeably used with the term fimbria, which is Latin for ‘fringe’. In some bacteria, pili are used for bacterial conjugation. The

Lymphoma is also known by the name lymphatic cancer. Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms that originate in the bone marrow and in the lymphatic structures, which results in the proliferation of lymphocytes. Lymphoma is derived from two words: “lymph”, which indicates the change of a lymphocyte, and “-oma” which indicates the term which induces tumour.  Causes

The scientific names for these enzymes can be formed as “substrate group-lyase.” Aldolase, dehydratase, decarboxylase, and other similar terms are used to describe this enzyme. When a product’s name contains the word synthase, it indicates that the product is extremely important (for example, phosphosulfolactate synthase sulfite’s Michael addition to phosphoenolpyruvate). Both a Michael addition and