Class 12

A consumer in a food chain is a living creature that consumes organisms from a different population than the one that it is a part of. A consumer is considered as a heterotroph, whereas a producer is considered as an autotroph. Both are organisms that derive their energy from the metabolism of other living things. […]

Marine biodiversity is a collection of highly interconnected ecosystem components or features that span all levels of biological organisation, from genes to species to populations to ecosystems, and each level’s diversity has structural and functional attributes. Furthermore, marine biodiversity, or any of its components, can be measured at a variety of time and spatial scales.

Fossil fuel is a material composed of hydrogen and carbon compounds formed beneath the ground from the remains of lifeless plants and animals that individuals extract and burn to release energy for practice. The chief fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which humans abstract through mining and drilling. Fossil fuels may be burnt to offer heat for use directly say for cooking, to power engines such as for

Diagrams of an ecological pyramid are used to display the biomass or bioproductivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem. In a pyramid of energy, the amount of energy retained in the form of new biomass at each trophic level is shown, whereas in a pyramid of biomass, the amount of biomass (or the

Introduction In ecology, the sequence of transfers of materials and energy in the form of food from one organism to the next is referred to as the food chain. Because most species feed more than one type of animal or plant, food chains intersect locally to form a food web. The primary food source is

Sustainable land management is critical for reducing land degradation, restoring degraded regions, and guaranteeing the best use of natural resources for current and upcoming populations. Land use management aids in the development of cohesive policies and activities that assist in the effective and culturally acceptable use of land resources while improving benefits and reducing adverse

For a course in systems identification, advanced undergraduates and graduate students in electrical, chemical, mechanical, and environmental engineering will benefit from this text. It covers a variety of tried-and-true identification algorithms and their applications, in addition to the theoretical foundation for mathematical modelling. Furthermore, its broad scope and relatively low mathematical level allow readers to

It is the rate at which organic matter is synthesised by producers per unit area and time that are known as gross primary productivity (GPP). The amount of carbon fixed during photosynthesis by all producers in an ecosystem is referred to as gross primary productivity. However, the metabolic processes of the producers consume a significant

The sequence of exchanges of materials and energy in the form of food from one organism to another is referred to as the food chain in ecology. Because most species ingest more than one type of animal or plant, food chains and food webs interact locally to form a food web. The primary food source

Introduction An ecosystem comprises all the organisms and also the physical environment with which they interact. Both of these biotic and abiotic components are linked together via nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the system via photosynthesis and is then incorporated into the plant tissues. After feeding on plants and on one another, animals