Class 12

Without human interference, natural resources already exist. There are some renewable ones that can be easily regenerated and some non-renewable ones that cannot. An area’s economy is determined by its resources. A nation can preserve these resources for future generations if these resources are used wisely. However, given the current conditions, it is extremely unlikely […]

Solid waste management is defined as the science of controlling the generation, storage, collection, transportation or transfer, processing, and waste dumping of waste materials in a way that best addresses public health, conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, as well as other environmental concerns. Planning, administrative, financial, engineering, or legal tasks all fall under the umbrella of

Biodiversity can be defined as the variability among living organisms that includes terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems. It is the most precious gift of nature. Biodiversity is a part of our life and livelihood, and it consists of resources upon which we are dependent and our future generation as well. The variety of living

In ecology, the term productivity refers to the rate at which biomass is produced in an ecosystem. It is typically expressed in units of mass per unit volume (unit surface) per unit of time, such as grammes per square metre per day (g m-2 d-1), but it can also be expressed in units of mass

In a typical food chain, secondary consumers occupy the third trophic level, which is called the trophic pyramid. They are organisms that obtain nutrients and energy through the consumption of primary consumers. While primary consumers are usually herbivores, which are species that only eat autotrophic plants, secondary consumers can be carnivores or omnivores, depending on

Generally speaking, Functional Diversity is a component of biodiversity that encompasses various microorganisms’ available properties. As a result of its potential to influence numerous elements of ecosystem functioning, functional diversity is significant from an ecological standpoint. A community’s functional richness and evenness may gauge its practical variety.  The amount of species occupying a given niche

Grassland Ecosystem is an area where most of the vegetation is made up of grasses and other plants that aren’t woody. A transitional landscape is also called one where there are not enough trees or not enough grassland ecosystems. This is because grassland ecosystems are mostly made up of grass and there are not enough

Introduction Famous scientists including Charles Elton, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and Raymond Lindeman helped to create the ecological pyramid. Estonian pyramid, named after Charles Elton, energy pyramid, trophic pyramid, and food pyramid are some of the names given to it. The Ecological Pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between various living organisms at various

Ecosystems produce oxygen, filter and detoxify the air and water, store and cycle fresh water, manage the climate, develop topsoil, protect land from erosion and flood damage, and harvest raw materials for use in the production of food, pharmaceuticals, and other products. The vast majority of these ecological services cannot be replaced by human technology,

An earthquake is the shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere, which generates seismic waves. It is also referred to as a quake, tremor, or temblor. Earthquakes can range in strength from those that are so small that no one can feel them to those that