Class 12

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, & Diakinesis are the 5 phases that make up Prophase 1, the first stage of Meiosis (in that order). Genetic material between non-sister chromatids crosses across and recombinates during prophase 1. As a result, haploid daughter chromatid cells that are genetically distinct are produced. The final phase of meiosis prophase-1 is […]

Meiosis  from the Ancient greek is a reductional division) is a division that takes place within a division. It is a type of cell division of germ cells in sexually reproducing organisms that is used to produce gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, and is unique to these organisms. This procedure involves two rounds of

Introduction Male gametophytes is the stage that produces male gametes and are derived from microspores. On the other hand, female gametophytes are derived from megaspore and produce female gametes. The Process of Gametophytes Gametophytes is the process present in every plant and some algae species. It is one or two phases of the multicellular life

A multicellular organism’s embryo is the first stage of development.  Each embryo begins life as a zygote, a single cell formed by the union of gametes (i.e. the process of fertilisation which is the fusion of a female egg cell and a male sperm cell). A single-celled zygote undergoes multiple fast cell divisions, known as

Decantation is a method of separating mixtures by eliminating a clear liquid layer or solids deposited from a solution. The goal could be to achieve a decant (particulate-free liquid) or to recover the precipitate. Decantation relies on gravity to take precipitate out of the solution, therefore there is always some product loss, either from the

An oocyte is a young egg (an immature ovum). Oocytes mature within a follicle. These follicles are situated on the ovaries’ outer layer. Several follicles form during each reproductive cycle. Each cycle, just one oocyte will mature into an egg and be ovulated from its follicle. This procedure is known as ovulation. The process of

Continuity of the process is the The procedure that aids in extending the earth’s life span for many more years. The size of cells is restricted, and as they become larger, they become less efficient. The process of reproduction ensures the survival of life on Earth. Reproduction is a biological process in which new individual

Sexual reproduction is a process in which sperm from a male parent fertilizes an egg from a female parent, resulting in a child who is genetically distinct from both parents. The entire reproduction process is extremely important since it helps to prevent extinction of a species and ensures its survival in future generations. The main

Asexual reproduction is the process of reproducing without the use of sex cells or gametes. Asexual reproduction does not require the union of male and female gametes to create children, as it does in sexual reproduction. Characteristics of Asexual reproduction Reproduction is one of the most important tasks of living things. There are two forms

Introduction: All living organisms start their life journey from a single cell. A single cell grows to form multiple cells, thereby including all microorganisms. Initially, the cells reproduce into two cells. The process continues when parent cells give rise to daughter cells every time they divide. The two new daughter cells can grow by themselves,