Class 12

At its most basic level, DNA replication is the operation of DNA polymerases producing a complementary DNA strand to the original template strand. To manufacture DNA, DNA helicases unwind double-stranded DNA before polymerases, generating a replication fork with two single-stranded templates. Replication allows a single DNA double helix to be copied into two DNA helices, […]

Introduction Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, which is also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. There are three of them: one deoxyribose molecule, one with a phosphate group, and one with a nitrogen-containing base Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are the four nucleotide bases found in DNA. During the formation of a DNA strand, covalent

Let’s break down the word apomixis into its two parts, ‘apo’ and mixis,’ where ‘apo’ means away from and’mixis,’ in Greek. Apomixis, as defined by the famous botanist Hans Winker, is the production of seeds without fertilisation. It is referred to as the asexual process because there is no normal sexual reproduction and fertilization does

The distinct separation of chromatids from homologous chromosomes marks diplotene, the 4th subphase of prophase I of the meiotic cell division. The locations on the chromosomes at which a recombination took place are known as chiasms, and you can see them during this subphase. When a strand of genetic material is severed to connect to another

Reproduction is an essential component of both animal and human life; without it, no species would exist. Depending on your preferences, you can reproduce in both sexual and asexual ways. It explains the numerous types of sexual and asexual reproduction, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each, as well as the male and

Introduction The main distinction between apomixis and polyembryony is that apomixis refers to the production of an embryo in plants without fertilisation, whereas polyembryony refers to the development of two or more embryos from a fertilised egg. Apomixis and polyembryony are two different forms of plant reproductive techniques. Furthermore, apomixis is an asexual kind of

Replication is the process of making two identical DNA molecules from a double-stranded DNA molecule. One of the most important things that happens in a cell is when DNA is made. The process of transcribing information from a strand of DNA into a new messenger RNA molecule is known as transcription (mRNA). A template, or

One of the most significant mechanisms in multicellular creatures is fragmentation. It entails slicing organisms into several fragments, as the name implies. It’s an asexual method of reproduction. The splitting of organisms into different pieces, each of which is capable of maturing into complete, fully developed people who are similar to their ancestors, is known

An epidemic is commonly defined as the process of infectious diseases spreading fast within a short period of time to a large number of individuals in a given population and spreading to numerous countries or continents. An epidemic can occur anywhere in the world. A pandemic is defined as the widespread spread of a new

A species is a group of organisms that can create more offspring by reproducing new fertile individuals. As a result, two organisms that are incapable of reproducing and producing fertile offspring are classified as distinct species. Speciation is the process of creating new species. Allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation are the two main pathways for