Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Pollination, fertilization

Pollen production occurs in seed plants because of the structural system wherein pollen is generated. Angiosperms have 4 pollen sacs in every anther, which store the microspore maternal cells. Pollen sacs are produced by gymnosperms on the microsporophylls which form the males cone in various amounts depending on the species.The pollen consists of a cytoplasm […]

Plastids are cytoplasmic organelles that contain DNA and multiply independently of nuclear genes during mitosis and are dispersed more or less evenly to daughter cells. Correns (1909) discovered for the first time that plastids might be passed to offspring through the egg cytoplasm while examining leaf colouration in Mirabilis jalapa (four O’clock plant). The cytoplasm

Introduction Parthenocarpy is the term used to describe the development of fruit that occurs without the use of fertiliser. The process results in a fruit that is sterile and devoid of seeds. Essentially, this means that the pollination process results in the production of berries that are completely devoid of seeds. The process was initially

Ovule First and foremost, the ovule is a structure found in plants that develops into a seed during the process of reproduction. When it is mature, it contains food tissue, and one or two future seed coats cover it, which we refer to as integuments. A small opening in the integuments allows the pollen tube

Insemination is the process of the entry of sperm into the reproductive system of a female for the intention of impregnating or fertilizing the female for sexual reproduction. The sperm is introduced into the womb of a mammal or the oviduct of an animal that can lay eggs. In mammals, insemination naturally occurs during sexual

Plants with flowering bodies exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in their reproductive parts, and the historical litigation proceedings of their sexual features is widely believed to be one of the primary drivers of branch evolution in this group of organisms. The development of sexual shape and function, on the other hand, is not ever completely free of

Geitonogamy is a kind of self-pollination in which pollen grains from one flower’s anther are deposited on the anther of another flower on the same plant. A pollinator can do this by visiting several flowers of the same plant. Geitonogamy is a kind of self-pollination that is functionally similar to cross pollination. Monoecious and dioecious

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) refers to a procedure that is used in advanced cattle breeding. It mainly involves a superovulation programme where the donor cow is administered with hormones, specifically ones having FSH like activity in order to induce follicular maturation in them. As a result of which they are able to produce

Introduction Microgametogenesis is the process by which a microgametophyte develops from a pollen grain to a three-celled stage of development in plants. It happens in flowering plants with a microspore mother cell inside the plant’s anther. When the microgametophyte first emerges from the pollen grain, four sets of fertile cells known as sporogenous cells are