Molecular basis of inheritance: DNA, RNA, replication, transcription

A point mutation occurs when one single nucleotide base is added, removed, or modified in DNA or RNA, the genetic material of the organism. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine (in DNA), and uracil (in RNA), abbreviated C, G, A, T, and U, are five distinct compounds that […]

During DNA replication, Okazaki fragments (which are approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) are short sequences of DNA nucleotides that are synthesised in a discontinuous manner and later linked together by the enzyme DNA to form the lagging strand, which is known as the lagging strand syndrome.  Okazaki Fragments When a cell

This is true for most eukaryotic genes (as well as some prokaryotic ones). A technique known as RNA splicing is used to remove or “splice out” certain segments known as intervening sequences, or introns, from the RNA molecule during one of the steps in this processing. As a result, the final mRNA is composed of

DNA is the most common type of genetic material, however some viruses, such as retroviruses, also contain RNA. In higher species, RNA is mostly used as a messenger to communicate information. How come their roles are so different, despite the fact that they are both nucleic acids? Because of the differences in the chemical structure

Introduction The genetic code is a collection of laws that define how DNA’s four-letter code is converted into a 20-letter code, which serves as the building block of proteins. The genetic code is consist of codons, which are 3 –letters nucleotide pairings that each correspond to a distinct amino acid or stop signal. Francis Crick

In this enzyme, the association between the deoxyribose group on one strand of DNA and phosphate group on the other strand of DNA forms a link that joins the two DNA strands together. The Okazaki fragments that form on the lagging strand during DNA replication are joined together by the DNA ligase, which is functional

The order of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid determines the amino acid order of proteins. Despite the fact that the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA provides the information for protein sequences, some mutations can have a significant impact on amino acid coding, which can in turn affect what proteins are produced, which

Mutations are changes in the structure of our DNA base pairs produced by a variety of external factors including UV light or errors during DNA replication. Somatic mutations occur in body cells and are not transmitted on, but germline mutations occur in eggs and sperm and is not handed down to offspring. Mutations Mutations are necessary

The mutation is a skewed stochastic process in which certain mutations are more common than others. Synthetic genotype-phenotype landscapes have been employed in the past to investigate how mutation bias influences adaptive evolution. To investigate the impact of mutation bias on the adaptive evolution of higher binding affinity, we looked at 746 empirical genotype-phenotype landscapes,

Mutagen is a term used to describe any agent that causes mutation. There are several types of mutagens, including physical mutagens, chemical mutagens, and biological mutagens. In the scientific community, this term refers to an agent’s power or potential to cause changes in the base pairs of DNA (mutation). DNA is the genetic material that