Ecosystem: Structure, function, productivity, energy flow

For a course in systems identification, advanced undergraduates and graduate students in electrical, chemical, mechanical, and environmental engineering will benefit from this text. It covers a variety of tried-and-true identification algorithms and their applications, in addition to the theoretical foundation for mathematical modelling. Furthermore, its broad scope and relatively low mathematical level allow readers to […]

It is the rate at which organic matter is synthesised by producers per unit area and time that are known as gross primary productivity (GPP). The amount of carbon fixed during photosynthesis by all producers in an ecosystem is referred to as gross primary productivity. However, the metabolic processes of the producers consume a significant

The sequence of exchanges of materials and energy in the form of food from one organism to another is referred to as the food chain in ecology. Because most species ingest more than one type of animal or plant, food chains and food webs interact locally to form a food web. The primary food source

Introduction An ecosystem comprises all the organisms and also the physical environment with which they interact. Both of these biotic and abiotic components are linked together via nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the system via photosynthesis and is then incorporated into the plant tissues. After feeding on plants and on one another, animals

Water vapour evaporates from the surface of seas, lakes, and other bodies of water to form freshwater. When this vapour rises, salts and other impurities are left behind, and it becomes “fresh.” Water vapour condenses into drifting clouds, which eventually release the water back to Earth as rain or snow. When fresh water falls onto

Clearing huge regions of forest for mining operations, as well as for the mine itself and to accommodate infrastructure associated with mining operations, is a common requirement. Because of the cleaning of riparian vegetation, which is particularly prevalent around stream margins, when forests are cut down, habitat is lost to wildlife. These conditions can result

A fossil fuel is any of a class of hydrocarbon-containing compounds that are derived from biological sources and are found in the Earth’s crust and can be utilised as a source of electricity. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil shale, bitumen, tar sands, and heavy oils are examples of fossil fuels, as are coal-fired power plants.

Ecosystems can be extremely huge or extremely small. Tide pools, which are ponds left by the ocean as the tide recedes, are entire, miniature ecosystems. Tide pools contain seaweed, a type of algae that produces food through photosynthesis. Seaweed is eaten by herbivores such as abalone. Carnivores like sea stars devour other species in the

Forests are essential to our survival. We are all reliant on woods in some way for our survival. Forests offer us with clean air, food, medicines, and other resources such as timber, fodder, and other industrial raw materials. Forests help to keep the earth stable by preventing soil erosion.  Definition of a forest A forest

Forests cover a whopping 31% of the planet’s land area. It is estimated that 23% of India’s land area is covered by forest. An important part of the forest ecosystem is the presence of trees and plants. Clean air and shelter are essential for life on the planet. Forests also aid in the preservation of