Biotechnology and Its Applications

Bacteriophages are all made up of a nucleic acid molecule encased in a protein framework. A bacteriophage infects the host cell by attaching itself to a susceptible bacterium. Following infection, the bacteriophage hijacks the bacterial cell’s biological machinery, forcing the cell to create viral components instead of bacterial components. In a process known as lysis, […]

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication and often contain genes that can be used to alter the characteristics of a cell or an entire organism. Plasmids can be found in a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals, and they are often inherited as part of a cell’s genetic material.

In microbiology, an endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria of the Firmicute phylum that is not capable of reproducing. Lack of nutrients is usually the catalyst for endospore formation, which occurs most frequently in Gram-positive bacteria. The bacterium divides within its own cell wall during the process of endospore

Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester link that exists between two nucleotide chains inside a polynucleotide chain. The deoxyribonuclease I enzyme is one example of an endonuclease that cuts DNA nonspecifically (without regard to sequence), whereas many others, which are commonly referred to as restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, cut DNA exclusively at very

Emulsification is the process of forming an oil–water emulsion by dispersing a lipid in a polymer solution in the presence of surfactants, and it is used to make cosmetic products. These techniques have been applied, for example, to the preparation of chitosan nanocapsules containing concentrated unsaturated fatty acid concentrations.  Emulsification Method It is the process

Electrophoresis, which derives from the Ancient Greek words v (lektron, “amber”) and phórsis, “the act of bearing,” is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. Electrophoresis is a technique for separating dispersed particles from a fluid. When applied to positively charged particles (cations), electrophoresis

EcoRI (pronounced “eco R one”) is just a restriction endonuclease enzyme found in the E. coli bacteria. It’s a restriction enzyme that functions to cleave DNA double helices into pieces at certain locations as part of the restriction modification system. The Eco component of the enzyme’s name comes from the species from which it was

Introduction Biotechnology is defined as the controlled manipulation of biological systems, including living cells or cellular components, for the purpose of processing or manufacturing a variety of products that are useful to human beings. As biologists learn more about organisms and develop techniques for manipulating biological systems, they employ not only biological methods but also

The deterioration of natural sources of fresh water supply is linked to an increase in worldwide social economic growth and activities, which produces wastewater with high pollution levels. Water-related technologies and materials development have been a top focus in most wastewater industries due to the negative consequences of pollution in wastewater. Integrating coagulation and filtration

Domestic pollution is the degradation of the environment caused by human activity in the home. Wastewater from the kitchen, bathroom, and laundry facilities is the most common type. Waste is generated during meal preparation, washing dishes, waste disposal, latrine, baths, showers, and drains, among other things. Sewage is a term that refers to wastewater that