Class 11

Introduction Consumption of carbohydrates provides the body with glucose, the principal form of energy. In the Western diet, they contribute 40-60% of calories, whereas in protein-scarce diets, they comprise a higher percentage in protein-scarce diets. Four grams of carbohydrates provide one calorie. A series of chemical reactions are required for carbohydrates to be digested into […]

Sycon is a type of marine sponge that is found in shallow water. It is typically found adhering to shells and rocks and is a sedentary species. They are primarily found in temperate climates. Systematic Position of Sycon Phylum: Porifera Class: Calcarea Order: Heterocoela Family: Sycettidae Genus: Sycon Sycons are normally small, ranging in height

Enantiomer, also known as enantiomorph, is one of two objects that are related to each other in the same way that the right hand is related to the left—that is, as mirror images that cannot be reoriented to appear identical. Because the object and its mirror image are identical, an object with a plane of

Joints We can define a joint as a location at which two or more entities are joined to one another. A joint is a location in the human body where two bones are joined together in some way. A joint is a junction, or to put it another way, it is a strong link that

Introduction Lichens are a collection of terrestrial organisms that can be found growing in a variety of habitats, including on rocks, gravestones, walls, tree bark, roofs, soil, and other surfaces. They can be found growing on rocks, gravestones, walls, tree bark, roofs, soil and other surfaces. They are composite organisms that require a clean environment

The whole body of an earthworm is segmented, even including its digestive system. The digestive system of an earthworm is partitioned into many regions, each provided with a certain function. The food of earthworms such as soil enters the earthworm’s mouth from where it is swallowed by the pharynx.  Then the swallowed soil passes through

The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is double-helix in structure, with sugar and phosphate on the helix’s outside. The nitrogenous bases are stacked in pairs in the interior, similar to stair steps, and are linked by hydrogen bonds. Structure of Polynucleotide Chains A nucleotide is made up of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a

The chromosome of E. coli is reproduced through essentially continuous synthesis of the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis of discrete Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Following that, the Okazaki fragments are processed and ligated into high molecular weight DNA (Ogawa and Okazaki 1980, Kornberg and Baker 1992). The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme) is

The Kingdom Protista is made up of protists that are eukaryotic in origin. This extremely diverse kingdom is characterised by its members being unicellular and having a less complex structure than other eukaryotes. Surface-level descriptions of these organisms are frequently made in terms of their resemblances to the other groups of eukaryotes, which include animals,

Introduction  Animals that live in a variety of settings, such as water, land, deserts, forests, grasslands, ice, land, water, and ice, as well as deserts, forests, and grasslands. Cells make up every single one of these species. Cells are one of the most significant aspects of living things since they are the fundamental building blocks.