Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Coordination refers to the way multiple bodies interact with one another and work in harmony. The coordination between the neural and endocrine systems ensures that all activities are coordinated and integrated in a coordinated manner. While the hormonal system allows for chemical integration through hormones, the neural system supplies a structured network of point-to–point connections […]

The skull represents a bony structure that helps support the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain. It is composed of many bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification, and joined by sutures (i.e. fibrous joints). The bones of the skull can be divided into two groups: like that of the cranium (it consists of the cranial

Introduction In unicellular organisms, a single cell performs all tasks such as digesting, respiration and reproduction. A set of identical cells, as well as intracellular molecules, fulfil a specific role in multicellular creatures, and this arrangement is known as tissue. To form an organ, tissues are arranged in a certain proportion and arrangement. The stomach,

Cockroaches are everywhere and are frequently found in dark, damp, and warm locations such as storehouses, drainpipes, or kitchens, among other places. This article will go through the  nervous system of cockroaches with function. The neurological system aids cockroach survivability by rapidly triggering the moving response in motor centres of the 3 thoracic ganglia.  The

Organisms of various species can interact with one another in a variety of ways. They might be competitors or symbionts, which are long-term companions who have a close association with one another. If they don’t get along, they can do what we see on nature shows all the time: one of them will eat the

Birds are distinguished from all other living vertebrates by the presence of feathers. Feathers are associated with flight – the ability to fly is the most distinguishing feature of birds. Flightless birds are evolutionarily descended from flying ancestors, but not all birds can fly. Because the entire anatomy and physiology of birds has been adapted

Introduction The nervous system of cockroaches involves a series of fused ganglia whose arrangement is in a segmental manner. The joining of this ganglia takes place on the ventral side by paired longitudinal connectives. In the thorax region, there are three ganglia, while in the abdomen, there are six ganglia. The nervous system of this

Introduction Enzymes are made up of proteins, which are the biocatalysts of the human body. Enzymes play a key role in increasing the rate of biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. Kuhne coined the term enzyme. The first enzyme Zymase was discovered by Buchner. Northrop and Summer established the proteinaceous nature of the enzymes.

Exoskeleton For example, an animal’s body is supported and protected by its exoskeleton, which is in contrast to the interior skeleton (endoskeleton) of a person, which supports and protects the body of the animal. Some of the larger types of exoskeletons are referred to as “shells” in common language. Insects such as grasshoppers and cockroaches,

Earthworms are ecosystem engineers whose impact on soil carbon dynamics is critical to understanding how forest soils can act as carbon sinks or sources of CO2 emissions. Using their digestive enzymes, earthworms breakdown the organic layer of forest soils and transport plant-derived carbon into deeper soil layers. They emit CO2, but they can also help