Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

One of three types of joints found in the body, synovial joints are located in the synovial fluid. Synovial joints are distinct from other joints in that they possess a fibrous joint capsule filled with synovial fluid. Synovial joints include hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints, which are both types of joints. Saddle joints are a […]

Adaptation to life on land was achieved by this group of organisms as the first. Several million years ago, it is believed that they diverged from amphibians. It is estimated that the world contains approximately 10000 different species of reptiles. In the Animal kingdom, they are classified as cold-blooded animals, which are classified as phylum

A cockroach is an insect that lives in damp places. It is omnivorous, eating small insects, grains, cereals, other plants, and animal products; as a result, it consumes all organic materials. The body of the cockroach is divided into three parts – head, thorax, and abdomen The male reproductive system of cockroaches consists of the

Introduction: The term “hen” refers to female chickens and other female birds belonging to the Galliformes order. Chickens are omnivorous birds that eat insects, reptiles, seeds, and grains, among other things. One of the most common domesticated farm birds is the chicken. Their young are known as “chicks,” and they reside in groups known as

In most vertebrate animals, a bone is a stiff organ that is a component of the skeleton. Bones protect the body’s other organs, create red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide the body structure and support, and allow for motion. Bones have a complicated internal and exterior structure that comes in a range of

Proteins are the basic building blocks of life, constituting 60% of dry cells in the body and serving as the foundation for life’s structure and functions. Eggs, lentils, fish, meat, milk, and other milk products are excellent sources of protein, which aid in body growth and maintenance. The word “protein” comes from this chapter is

About 80% of the animal world belongs to the phylum Arthropod on planet earth. Arthropods are very diverse and complex since most body parts are segmented. Jointed limbs in segments, the presence of an exoskeleton (composed of chitin and sclerotin) are some of their unique features. The nervous system of the arthropods is divided into

Protein is a complicated molecule that is found in almost all living things. Proteins are nutrient-dense and play an important role in the chemical reactions that keep life running. In the early nineteenth century, scientists recognised the importance of proteins, particularly Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who coined the term protein in 1838, derived from

Phylum Cnidarians are predominantly saltwater aquatic species, sessile or free-swimming. They are diploblastic, which exhibit tissue level of organisation and show radial symmetry. They have stinging capsules or nematocysts present on their tentacles and bodies (cnidoblasts and cnidocytes). Cnidoblasts help in catching the prey, anchorage, and anti-predator defence. Nematocysts present on cnidoblasts releases hypno toxins

Because of their dorsal supporting rods, chordates have a rigid structure at some time in their life cycle, as the name suggests (the notochord). Chordates are distinguished by a tail that extends behind and above the anus, a hollow nerve cord above (or dorsal to) the gut, gill slits that open from the pharynx to