Animal tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

Invertebrates have a pineal gland, which is also known as the conarium or epiphysis cerebri. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, which plays an important role in the regulation of the body’s natural rhythms, such as sleep and wakefulness (the roughly 24-hour cycle of biological activities associated with natural periods of light and darkness). […]

Enzymes are complex substances, organs, tissues, cells, and proteins that make up the human body. Enzymes are proteins that help in the acceleration of metabolism in our bodies. One of the functions is to construct substances while simultaneously destroying others. Enzymes can be found in all live species, not just living things; they can also

Introduction: Ruminants are distinguished from other mammals by their intricate digestive systems.  They assimilate food, absorb nutrients, and obtain energy in a unique method compared to other herbivores. The fundamental difference between a cow’s and a ruminant’s digestive systems is that a cow’s stomach contains four independent compartments, each with its own function, whereas most

Introduction The main properties of living entities are nutrition and digestion, which are intertwined. Following the digestion process, nutrition is gained from food. Animal nutrition addresses issues such as nutrient requirements, mode of consumption, and food use in the body. Some nutrients are complicated and can’t be used straight away. They must be broken down

Three families of extant mammals make up the Perissodactyla: six species of horses (Equidae), four species of tapirs (Tapiridae), and five species of rhinoceroses (Rhinocerotidae). These families are descendants of a group that flourished during the Paleogene and Neogene periods (from 65.5 million to 2.6 million years ago), when it was far more diverse in

The body’s protective outer layers are the dermis and epidermis. The fundamental distinction between the dermis and the epidermis is that the dermis is a tissue beneath the epidermis that contains live cells, whereas the epidermis is the body’s outermost layer that protects it from dryness, damage, and infections. The dermis is a layer of

Introduction two numerous species are usually contentious and a lot of people have difficulty distinguishing between them. The most obvious difference between bony and cartilaginous fish comes down to the fact that the skeleton of a bony fish is made entirely of bones, whereas the skeleton of a cartilaginous fish is entirely made of cartilage,

The process of food ingestion begins in the mouth and oral cavity, where the teeth play an important role in tearing, grinding, and chewing food particles, making it easier to swallow and for the rest of the digestive processes. The pairing of teeth and the working of the teeth in tandem with the oral cavity

Enzymes are biological catalysts that help living organisms speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes can only function in specified pH, pressure, and temperature conditions. Each chemical response in the body, they are highly specific and effective. They also reduce the activation energy necessary to start the reaction, resulting in a faster response. Enzymes do not alter

The collateral glands of insects are organs linked to the female genital apparatus. Collateral glands are two extremely branched tubular glands in cockroaches, which are uneven in size. Both the glands open at the back of the genital chamber. The secretion generated by these glands forms the oothecal case of the ootheca. It consists of