Plant Physiology

The process of transpiration includes the water molecules which are removed from the plant tissues through the aerial parts of the plants. Very small amount of water is absorbed by the plants which is utilised in growth and development. The rest of it would be eliminated in the form of respiration. There are several types […]

A large variety of algae are used as inactive ingredients and are beneficial for both human beings and animals. Cryptophytes form a large group of microalgae, including 20 genera and more with 200 species. They always gain the attention of scientists and research scholars due to their biological features and potential applications in the field

A contractile vacuole is a type of vacuole seen in certain organisms, mainly single-celled organisms that lack a cell wall. A contractile vacuole does exactly what its name implies: it expands and contracts. The contractile vacuole’s purpose is to pump water out of the cell via a process known as osmoregulation, or the regulation of

Contractile vacuole, a spherical regulating organelle found in freshwater protozoa & lower metazoans like sponges and hydras that absorbs surplus fluid from protoplasm & periodically empties it into surrounding media.  It’s also possible that it excretes nitrogenous wastes. It moves with the animal’s movement in amoebas; it follows a fixed path through the cell in

A gradient is a relationship between a change in one variable, such as concentration, pressure, or temperature, and a change in distance. A concentration gradient is a change in concentration over a distance; a pressure gradient is a change in pressure over a distance; and a temperature gradient is a change in temperature over a

This idea, on the other hand, describes the transfer of water from a plant’s roots to its leaves. Osmosis allows water from the soil to reach the xylem of a plant’s roots. Because water molecules are hydrogen bound to one another, they create a string of molecules as they migrate toward the xylem. The water

Types of Plants  Thallophyta:  Numerous varieties of microorganisms like algae, fungi and bacteria are specified under this category. algae are classified into three categories: Red, Brown and green. Characteristics of algae are: – Cell walls of algae are formed of cellulose. – Reproductive organs of algae are unicellular. – algae store their food as starch.

The rhythmic, sweeping motion of epithelial cell cilia, ciliate protozoa, or flagella, caused by the alternating contraction and relaxation of contractile threads (myoids) on one side of the cilium or flagellum. Although the mechanism of ciliary movement has been thoroughly investigated from a morphological standpoint, there is no good understanding of the functions of the

Introduction Mitchell’s ‘chemiosmotic hypothesis,’ which he developed with an Anglo-Saxon background in chemistry, has been around for more than 50 years. The hypothesis has been widely accepted, although it sparked various debates that have continued to this day. Given the significant advance of bioanalytical techniques describing the fine structure of macromolecular complexes involved in oxidative

Algae are one of the major types of microscopic organisms that can be seen with our naked eyes and are commonly found in our surroundings. Algae belong to a group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms of the simplest types. Algae do not possess true roots, stems, leaves, or leaf-like organs, as they lack a well-defined