Plant growth regulators: Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins

The female component of a flower is made up of stigma, style, ovary, and ovule, which are all found in a pistil. Pollination and fertilisation were developed or adapted largely for pollination. Sperm is deposited for fertilisation with the ovules in the ovary when the pollen tube (style tissues) grows. The pistil, in general, is […]

Depending on the number of cotyledons present in the seed, angiosperms are classed as monocots or dicots. The seed is made up of an embryo that is encased in a seed coat that protects it from the elements. A triploid endosperm has been discovered in some seeds. A radicle, an embryo axis, and cotyledons are

Seeds are required for the sexual reproduction of plants. This is exclusively found in angiosperms and gymnosperms, and it is created as a result of sexual reproduction in plants. A seed generated by a plant belonging to the Dicotyledons botanical group is referred to as a Dicotyledonous Seed. Buttercups and butter beans are examples of

Introduction: The existence of nodes and internodes in plant stems, whether above or below ground, distinguishes them (Figure 23.4). Leaves, aerial roots, and flowers link to each other at nodes. An internode is the section of the stem between two nodes. The petiole is the stalk that connects the stem to the leaf base. An

The stigma, along with the style and ovary (often referred to as the stigma-style-ovary system), makes up the pistil, which is a portion of a plant’s gynoecium, or female reproductive organ. The stigma is made up of stigmatic papillae, which have pollen-receptive cells and form the distal section of the style or stylodia. These can

Steroids are chemical substances with biological activity. They’re made up of four rings organised in a certain molecular arrangement. Steroids have two major functions: they work as a key component of the cell membrane, altering the fluidity of the membrane, and they act as a hormone. These serve as a signalling molecule as well. Animals,

The acceptance of compatible pollen by the pistil and the rejection of self-incompatible pollen by the pistil in the Brassicaceae includes intricate molecular communication mechanisms between the pollen grain and the female reproductive organs. Preference for species-related pollen, paired with self-recognition systems, allows the plant to select the most desirable pollen, increasing the number of

During the process of plant growth, cells and organs grow in size irreversibly as a result of cell division and enlargement, resulting in an irreversible change in their size. Plant development is the progression of a plant’s life cycle from seed germination to maturation and beyond. In informal interactions, the terms growth and development are

Many plants’ stems have been changed to serve a variety of purposes, including storage, protection, photosynthesis, support, propagation, and perennation. Adaptation and survival are aided by modifications. The plumule of the germinating seed develops into stems. It produces leaves, fruits, and flowers, among other things.  Nodes and internodes are the distinguishing characteristics of a stem.

Pea starch contains a high percentage of amylose (35%) and as a result, it has superior thickening and gelling qualities than other regularly used starches. Furthermore, natural pea starch has features such as increased temperature, acidity, and shear stability. Smooth peas had a starch level ranging from 53.61 to 57.23 percent. The average amylose content