Neural control and coordination: Structure of neuron, synapse

Biological regulation is the ability of an organism to deal with the consequences of a disruption by regulating its own inherent dynamics in response to specific changes in internal and external environments. We argue that regulation is a specific form of second-order control exerted over the core (constitutive) regime of production and maintenance of the […]

There is one simple type of brain activity in which a stimulus is followed by an instantaneous action. This is reflex action in action. Marshall Hall, a 19th-century English neurologist, coined the term reflex (from Latin reflexus, “reflection”) to describe the muscles’ ability to reflect a stimulus in the same way that a wall reflects

The nervous system, also known as the neural system, is a complex network of neurons that are specialised in the transmission of information. As we progress from lower animals to higher creatures, the complexity of the nervous system grows. For example, cnidarians such as jellyfish have nerve nets that are relatively simple in design and

There is one simple type of neural activity in which a stimulus results in an immediate action. This is reflex action. Marshall Hall, a 19th-century English neurologist, coined the term reflex (from Latin reflexus, “reflection”) to describe how muscles reflect a stimulus in the same way that a wall reflects a ball thrown against it.

The tritocerebrum is a small subdivision of the cerebrum in the brain stem of teleost fish. It lies anterodorsal to the olfactory bulb and preoptic area of the telencephalon. It is only obvious in tetrapods since the homologous structure, the tectum, is larger in reptiles and has a tetrapod-specific role. The tritocerebrum belongs to the

Before we get deep into our topic, thoracic ganglion, let us first discuss what is meant by a ganglion? Yes, ganglion (in plural: ganglia) is nothing but the clusters of nerve cell bodies located throughout our body. These are the part of the PNS (peripheral nervous system) which carry impulses or signals to and from

Introduction When it comes to sense organs, the eye is one of the most significant and sophisticated that we as humans possess.  It aids in the visualisation of objects as well as the perception of light, colour, and depth, among other things.  Furthermore, when light from the outside enters these sense organs, they function similarly

A major job of sensory receptors is to help us learn about the environment around us, or about the state of our internal environment. Different sorts of stimuli from varying sources are received and transformed into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system. This process is termed sensory transduction. This occurs when a stimulus is

Introduction Sensory, relay and motor neurons are the three types of neurons that comprise an animal’s nervous system. They transmit information in the form of action potentials, which occur on the membranes of neurons.  These action potentials travel a long distance, from sensory organs to the central nervous system and then to effector organs such

Introduction  Have you ever thought about why we perform certain actions without any command? Such as blinking of the eyes when someone brushes their hand or feeling the pain if we touch something hot. This happens because of the reflex action. Reflex action is a biological term that holds utmost importance in everyone’s life; hence