Circulation: Heart, cardiac cycle, blood pressure

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart from its left side ventricle. Stroke volume is the most important constraint of the heart, which describes its overall functioning and its health. It is the quantity of blood passed or released into the left ventricle of blood in one beat. Stroke volume is […]

The atrial natriuretic factor is a 28-amino-acid peptide with a 17-amino-acid ring in the middle. A disulfide link connects two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 23 to produce the ring. Atrial natriuretic factor shares an amino acid ring structure with BNF (brain natriuretic factor) and CNF (C-type natriuretic factor). It is one of the

When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells within the kidneys convert the precursor prorenin (already in the blood) into renin and secrete it directly into circulation. Plasma protease then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen, discharged by the liver, to angiotensin. Angiotensin-I is is converted to angiotensin-II by the angiotensin-converting accelerator (ACE) found on

This test determines the blood amount of renin. Renin is a hormone that the kidneys produce. It regulates another hormone, aldosterone, which is produced in the adrenal glands. This is a pair of tiny glands placed just above the kidneys. Aldosterone aids in blood pressure regulation and the maintenance of normal potassium and sodium levels

Introduction Renin refers to an enzyme that helps in controlling blood pressure. It is released by special cells in the kidneys. When the blood pressure drops too low, or the body doesn’t have enough salt, this enzyme is released into the bloodstream.  Biochemistry of Renin There are 406 amino acids in the primary structure of

Coronary artery disease is known by several different names, such as coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease, myocardial ischemia, and sometimes only heart disease. It is the blockage of the coronary arteries, which reduces the blood flow to the heart, and this is mainly due to the build-up of plaque in these arteries. What happens

In a rhythmic cycle, the heart contracts and relaxes. It pumps blood as it contracts and fills its chambers with blood when it relaxes. The cardiac cycle refers to a whole series of pumping and filling. Systole refers to the contraction phase of the cycle, whereas diastole refers to the relaxation phase . The cardiac

Sodium chloride is a vital element that helps your nerves transmit signals and controls the body’s electrolyte and fluid balance. The importance of sodium chloride is also seen in various metabolic functions and cardiac activities. The human body cannot produce sodium on its own and must get about 500 mg of the mineral per day

The heart is a complicated organ to deal with. It delivers blood to the body through four chambers, four valves, and a large number of blood arteries. Blood flow is a complicated process in and of itself. It is a cycle that transports blood from the heart and to the lungs in order to obtain

The heart is known to be one of the most important muscles in the body. It’s made up of fibres which can easily expand and contract to fill and empty the blood in the heart chambers. There are four chambers present in the heart, two atria and two ventricles. The atria are commonly known to