Cell Structure and Function

The Gram-Negative Cell Envelope is a complex multi-layered structure that shields organisms from external hostile environments and living conditions. In doing so, the Gram-Negative Cell Envelope plays a significant role in the survival of the bacteria. The Gram-Negative Cell Envelope comprises a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, and an outer membrane consisting of lipopolysaccharides protects the […]

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lacks a cell wall around its cell membranes. As a result of this trait, they are inherently resistant to drugs that attack cell wall production (like the beta-lactam antibiotics). It is possible for them to be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species, including M. Pneumoniae, which causes “walking” pneumonia

An organism’s smallest structural and functional unit is the cell. The Latin word “cella” means “little room.” The cell is recognised as the “building blocks of life,” and cytology, cell biology, or cellular biology is the study of cells. The cytoplasm of the cells is made up of nucleic acids and proteins. The cells range

The term ‘flagellum’ comes from the Latin word for whip, referring to the flagellum’s long, slender construction, which resembles a whip. Flagella are found in a variety of microscopic and macroscopic species, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and mammals, and are distinctive of the protozoan group Mastigophora. Flagella serve as a motility organelle in various species,

Introduction Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Motility Characteristics of Protists Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes with a wide range of sizes, cell shapes, metabolisms, and modes of movement. Structure of a Cell Protist cells are among the most complex and diverse of all cells. Although most protists are tiny and unicellular, there are those

Introduction Gene regulation is the process of turning the genes on and off. Gene regulation mainly enables the organism to respond to changes in the environment. Let us dive deep into today’s article to know more about gene expression and regulation.  Gene Expression and Regulation  The study of gene expression mainly reveals the following: All

Cell theory is a biological theory. It states that all beings are made up of cells and that cells are the basic structural, fundamental and organisational unit of all organisms, and all cells emerge from pre-existing cells. The theory was first proposed in the mid-19th century. In other words, cells are the fundamental building blocks

Fimbriae and pili are bacterial appendages. The cytoplasmic membrane of some bacteria produces these thin protein tubes, which protrude after passing through the cell wall’s peptidoglycan layer. Pili are long hair-like tubular microfibers present on the surface of bacteria, whereas fimbriae are bristle-like small fibres that appear on the bacterial surface. Only gram-negative bacteria have

Exons are nucleotide sequences that carry information for protein synthesis, whereas introns are interrupting sequences that do not code for any protein but are found between exons. Prokaryotes have a single circular, double-stranded DNA in nucleoid form (the central part of the cell). Noncoding regions are not present in their DNA because they have small

The active, bulk movement of products through the cell membrane is referred to as endocytosis and exocytosis. Larger molecules that cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer can now pass the membrane due to these processes. Endocytosis is the process through which chemicals are absorbed by cells. Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis; it is the