Second law, entropy, and Carnot engine

Logic gates are simple digital circuits that can perform some basic mathematical logical operations. There are primarily seven basic gates in digital electronics. Those are NOT gate OR gate AND gate NOR gate NAND gate Ex-OR gate  Ex-NOR gate Generally, these gates have multiple inputs and a single output. We can build a digital electronic […]

Entropy Change During Reversible Adiabatic Expansion Entropy is the measure of the randomness or disorderliness of a system. It is a state quantity, which is a physical quantity that defines the state of a system. The system is a part of the universe that is under observation. Systems can be of three types: open, closed,

In the United Kingdom and Australia, a petrol engine (also known as a gasoline engine in the United States) is an internal combustion engine with spark ignition that is designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and other volatile fuels, such as jet fuel. Before compression is used in most petrol engines, the fuel and air

Heat cannot transfer from a cold system to a hot system on its own without some external activity being done on the system. This is precisely what refrigerators and heat pumps are designed to do. Heat moves from hot to cold in a refrigerator, but only when it is compelled to do so by external

In 1824 Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot developed Carnot’s theorem or Carnot rule. It deals with the efficiency of a heat engine in which there is no limit set for heat engines; they can have unlimited values. And the efficiency only depends on the hot and cold reservoir temperature of the heat engine. Of all the

What is Carnot’s ideal heat engine? Carnot’s ideal heat engine is an ideal heat engine that operates on the Carnot cycle. The model for this engine was developed by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. Its working is similar to the heat engine and it’s based on the second law of thermodynamics. The second law

What is Carnot’s cycle proof or theorem? Carnot’s heat engine is an ideal heat engine that operates on the Carnot cycle. Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot developed the model for this engine in 1824. Its working is similar to the heat engine and is based on the second law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics It

What is the Carnot cycle, and what are its stages? When the Carnot engine works, the working substance of the engine undergoes a cycle known as the Carnot cycle. This cycle has four different stages. But before we get to know about the Carnot cycle in detail, we have to understand the second law of

Entropy is a thermodynamic property that explains the state of a system. A thermodynamic system is a part of the universe under observation, and the rest of the universe is the surroundings. The entropy of a system cannot be measured directly but we can find the difference in entropy of the initial and final states

The American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs gave Gibbs free energy. The benefits of thermodynamics laws and Gibbs’s free energy equations will reduce experimental cost and time. Gibbs free energy is based on thermodynamic second law, which means “In an isolated system entropy of a system is always increased if there is no additional force”. Calculating