Second law, entropy, and Carnot engine

 Work is either done on the gas or by the gas, and consequently the volume of the gas decreases or increases. Gas pressure expands the tension of the gas and changes the physical conditions of the gas, which means the temperature and volume of a quantum of gas change. Assuming that the tension of gas […]

Thermodynamics is an important concept that helps understand entropy and how it works. So, what is Entropy? It is a thermodynamic physical property applied across different aspects of physics and chemistry. The state of randomness or disorder in the molecular system is entropy. Rudolf Clausius first introduced the concept of entropy in 1850. It is

The invention of the heat engine was one of the revolutionary discoveries of human beings. A heat engine follows the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form into another. Heat energy is converted into mechanical energy in a heat engine. Today,

Thermodynamics is a discipline of physics concerned with the concepts of heat and temperature and the conversion of heat to various kinds of energy. Thermodynamics is a science that is studied at a microscopic level. It is concerned with the bulk system and does not address the molecular structure of matter; in fact, its notions

By virtue of its temperature, thermal energy is the internal energy existing in a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Thermal energy is more difficult to convert to productive work than energy from systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Thermal energy is associated with the movement of particles within an object, which can result in the

The first law of thermodynamics asserts that the universe’s energy stays constant; energy is transferred among systems but not produced or destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics offers information about the amount of energy transmitted, but this does not provide information about the direction of the transfer of energy. The first law seems unable to

In chemistry, chemical reactions are those reactions in which the different aspects of the chemicals involved in the reaction undergo significant changes. In chemical reactions, reactants are the species that change to form a new species in their orientation, bonding and composition under various conditions like temperature, pressure, catalysts, atmosphere and many other circumstances. Types

Exclusive OR gate depends on the binary system. The binary system consists of input gates 0, 1. This binary system consists of logic gates which are used as a basic building block of a circuit to make a large number of electronic circuits. In an exclusive OR gate, the only time the output is positive

Perpetual motion is the movement of bodies that never ends and continues forever in an undisturbed system. A perpetual motion machine is based on a hypothesis stating that the body can work infinitely without any external energy source. Technically speaking, a device that can move or work infinitely is impossible as it would violate thermodynamics’

Introduction Blaise Pascal, a well-known French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher, stated this law in 1647. This law asserts that the pressure exerted on a stationary liquid is the same in all directions. OR When external pressure is applied to any section of a fluid enclosed in a vessel, it is transmitted in all directions undiminished