Class 11

Interactions between two or more molecules are called intermolecular interactions, while interactions between molecular atoms are called intramolecular interactions. Intermolecular interaction occurs in all types of molecules or ions in all states of matter. They range from strong long-range electrical attraction and repulsion between ions to relatively weak dispersion forces that have not yet been […]

There are different kinds of forces, i.e., attraction and repulsion forces which are responsible for the combination of colloidal particles. The intermolecular forces between the colloidal particles play a significant role in the applications of colloids in many industrial purposes. Interaction forces support in identifying the chemical behavioural aspect of the colloids and it also

Gases are one of the fundamental states of substances. Gas is a collection of molecules that are separated by a significant distance. The ideal gases are those in which the molecules collide in elastic ways. In these perfect gases, there are no intermolecular attraction forces. However, there are no such things as perfect gases in

Gas is a collection of particles in rapid motion. The particles are in constant collision all the time. A gas takes up the shape of whatever contains it. An ideal gas has zero interactions among its particles, and it also obeys the ideal gas law. The importance of this concept is that it is used

Introduction: In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the idea of blending atomic orbitals to shape new hybrid orbitals (with extraordinary energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) appropriate for the pairing of electrons to shape chemical bonds in valence bond theory. Hybrid orbitals are beneficial withinside the clarification of molecular geometry and atomic

Carbon has different allotropes, such as graphite and diamond. Graphite is soft, opaque, and can conduct electricity; on the other hand, diamond is hard, transparent, and cannot conduct electricity. Both are pure carbon, but still, they have different properties. It is because of the arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule. The process of hybridisation

The intermixing of atomic orbitals typically results in the formation of hybrid orbitals with completely different energies, shapes, and other characteristics.  The atomic orbitals with the same energy level are the ones that are most involved in hybridisation.  In this process, however, both fully filled and half-filled orbitals can participate, as long as they have

An emulsion is the colloidal dispersion of two immiscible liquids where one liquid acts as the medium of dispersion and the other as a dispersed phase. In simpler terms, it is a special type of mixture prepared by combining two liquids that don’t usually mix.  The word emulsion derives from the Latin term “emulgere”, which

Heterogeneous catalysis is a process in which the phase of the catalysts differs from the phase of the reactants or products. In comparison, homogeneous catalysis occurs when the reactants, products, and catalysts reside in the same phase. Not only does phase discriminate between solid, liquid, and gas components, but also between immiscible mixes (e.g., oil

Important chapters in Physical Chemistry Mole Concept: A mole is a unit of measurement used to measure the amount of any fundamental quantity such as atoms, molecules, ions that are present in any substance. A mole is very much similar to the weight, as it helps in understanding the amount of a substance present; it is