Class 11

An increase in product concentration per unit time is proportional to a decrease in reactant concentration per unit time in a chemical reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction is also referred to as the rate of reaction. The rate at which the reaction takes place varies greatly from one person to another. As an […]

Basic introduction The rate of reaction may be defined as the speed at which the reaction proceeds. It is the rate at which products are formed or reactants are consumed during a reaction. The rate of reaction for products generally increases as the reaction proceeds. The amount of products increases and the amount of reactants

Putrefaction refers to a process of breaking down the body of an animal just like a human post-mortem (that means after death). In other words, it can be regarded as the decomposition of proteins, and the gradual breakdown of the cohesiveness between tissues, and the liquefaction of major organs. This is led by the decomposition

The reaction that appears to be an nth order reaction, whereas it belongs to some different order is known as the pseudo order reaction. These are the reactions that are generally not first-order but appear to be first order due to increased concentrations of one or more reactants than the other reactants. For example the

Promoter or Accelerators are those substances used to increase the activity of catalysts positively. These substances are also known as catalytic promoters. These substances or compounds are not truly catalysts, but when mixed in small quantities during the reaction and the catalyst, they enhance their efficiency. They differ from catalysts as a catalyst is a

Catalysts are substances, when added in any chemical reaction, alter or change the rate of an ongoing chemical reaction. In other words, catalysts are rate-changing factors of any chemical reaction. Catalysts are of two types–positive and negative.  Positive catalysts change the reaction rate by increasing the reaction rate, and negative catalysts change any chemical reaction

A Perkin reaction produces a beta unsaturated aromatic acid (‘beta unsaturated’ means it has a double bond), a carboxylic acid group by aldol condensation of an aromatic aldehyde group (meaning it has -CHO), and an acid anhydride in the presence of an alkali salt of the acid, which acts as a base catalyst to speed

The word optimal pH refers to the pH at which a specific enzyme performs at its best. The structure of an enzyme is affected by pH levels.  Each enzyme has a preferred pH range; it is a range in which it performs the best.  For example, enzymes in the intestine perform optimally at a pH

Hydrolysis is any reaction mechanism in which a water molecule is broken into ions and considered as an ionic species. This phrase refers to a process where water is nucleophile, such as elimination, replacement, and solvation. Biological hydrolysis is a biomolecule cleavage through which  a water molecule will break down as a large molecule into

Catalysts are those species that enter in any chemical reaction to change the rate of any chemical reaction. In other words, we can understand that catalysts are rate changer substances of any chemical reaction. Catalysts are also of two types positive catalysts and negative catalysts. So, negative catalysts are those catalysts that change the rate