Class 11

The nucleus of an atom is made up of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, and it is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. Electronically neutral atoms have the same number of protons and electrons. The atom has a net electrical charge if the total number of electrons does not equal the total […]

Introduction Intermolecular forces are the forces that attract molecules together. They determine various bulk properties, including melting points, temperatures, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Compared to a low-boiling-point liquid, such as hexane (C6H14, b.p. 68.73 °C), a high-boiling-point liquid, such as water (H2O, b.p. 100 °C) exhibits stronger intermolecular forces. Ion–dipole forces, dipole-dipole

In quantum mechanics, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is the most important principle, which states that it is very difficult or nearly impossible to measure more than one quantum variable (as it is defined by its wave function) simultaneously. This principle has been present in physics for a long time, making its importance too high. Theoretically, both

When you study for national-level examinations like IIT JEE Mains or Advance, you cannot afford to miss even a single topic as it might haunt you while writing the paper. And if it’s one of the most crucial topics, there’s absolutely no escape. In the list of important topics to crack IIT JEE Mains, one

The inductive effect, also known as the I Effect, is a phenomenon that depends on the distance. In this effect, the charge of a chemical bond influences the orientation of adjacent bonds in a molecule, resulting in a permanent state of polarisation. This article has gauged the Stability of Molecules with the Inductive Effect (Solved

For understanding the chemistry of elements, it is important to understand their electronic configuration at the beginning. After all, it is these negatively charged particles that determine whether an element will behave like a cation or an anion or will form covalent bonds. Other than that, the electronic arrangements can also declare what kind of

What Is Ionisation Energy? Ionisation energy is a quantity that represents the amount of energy that is needed for an isolated gaseous atom to lose an electron while in a ground state. The loss of electrons results in particles called cations. For an A atom to become the A+ ion, a certain energy is required

Electrical and magnetic properties of solids Introduction The magnetic dipoles in solids are responsible for the magnetic properties of solids in chemistry, commonly referred to as magnetism. In magnetic materials, the magnetic dipole moment is created by electrons spinning in their axis and orbital motion around the atom’s nucleus. Solids have magnetic properties due to

In a nutshell, this is a process in which two types of orbitals (i.e., s and p) of a common atom are combined to form entirely new orbitals of equal energies in a shell. The new orbitals are referred to as hybrid orbits, though it is called hybridisation. After hybridisation, the atom changes its physical

Equivalent weight is derived from the molecular masses of compounds. Molar mass and n- factor of the substance play an important role in determining equivalent weight of  substance. The mass of a substance which displaces or combines (by weight) a certain amount of other substance is called equivalent weight. Equivalent weight is derived from the