Surface Chemistry

There is a lot of calcium and magnesium in “hard water,” which derives its name. Since these minerals are in the water, many things can go wrong – they could also harm your life and affect how well the water works in your plumbing. In this article, we aim to provide an understanding of the […]

Hard water is a state of water with high mineral content. This is mainly caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium. There are two types of hard water: The hardness of water caused by calcium bicarbonate is known as temporary hardness.  Whereas hardness associated with other mineral salts is permanent hardness.  Hardness causes residues in the

Gauss Law is just a law that is general to any closed area that permits the calculation of the field of an enclosed charge by mapping the field for a surface out of the charge distribution. It simplifies the analysis associated with the geometrical symmetry shape of the eclectic field. What is the Gauss Law?

Froth flotation is one of the most popular metalworking techniques, used in mineral processing, wastewater treatment, and more. This technology was first used in mineral processing in the early 20th century. A process called ore genesis yields metal ores. Extraction and refining of essential metals from ores is known as extractive metallurgy. The froth flotation

The term adsorption signifies the process of accumulation of particles referred to as adsorbate at the surface of another material referred to as adsorbent. In the case of adsorption, the interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate does not result in the accumulation of both in bulk. The term isotherm refers to mapping points where the

The capillary effect is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. We can see this effect when paint is pulled up between the hairs of a paint-brush, in thin tubes, in porous objects like paper, plaster, or wood and

Introduction The molecules from the gas or liquid start to collect on the surface of solids when brought in contact with a solid surface. This process of collection of molecules of liquid or gas on the solid surface is called adsorption.  The molecules that get collected on the solid surface are called adsorbate, and the

Froth flotation is a concentration process of separating materials based on their association with water and density. It is mostly used to separate the desired mineral component from a gangue. The physical-chemical properties of various materials are different. This is the principle for the separation of minerals using froth flotation. It has wide applications in

Cleansing agents are substances we use to put off stains, dust, foul smells, dirt, and many others from surfaces. These are the chemicals we use to decrease the surface tension on planes so that water can be properly used to clean. Cleaning with only water does not work effectively, as the surface tension is too

Cleaning a soiled surface appears to be a simple process, but it is quite complicated and involves several physical-chemical steps. If oil droplets and dirt particles were not suspended in the detergent solution in a stable and widely dispersed state, they were more likely to flocculate or coalesce into aggregates large enough to reappear on