Surface Chemistry

Aluminium oxide is a compound composed primarily of oxygen and aluminium molecules. It is a colourless crystalline substance that appears naturally in several forms, such as sapphire, which are usually composed of corundum. Alumina, or the most common crystal form of alumina, is corundum. Interestingly, under special conditions, corundum became the gem sapphire. Alumina is […]

Introduction Soap is a fatty acid salt used to manufacture cleaning and lubricating products. Surfactants, like soaps, are commonly used in the home for laundry, bathing, and other domestic tasks. Soaps are utilised as thickeners, components of certain lubricants, and catalyst precursors in industrial settings. Soap dissolves particles and grime, allowing them to be removed

Introduction:-A soap is a water-soluble compound that is produced through a process known as saponification, which involves the reaction of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide with a vegetable or animal oil to form a soap (fats). Soap Hardness Characteristics – Harder soap that is a dense bar lasts longer than softer soap. Cleaning – The

Sodium carbonate, commonly known as Soda ash, is an inorganic chemical compound. It is extracted from Trona, a double-salt containing Sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate. It is made after a series of processes where evaporation of salty water takes place at the side of lakes. It is often called washing soda, the most significant

The physisorption process is also known as physical adsorption. It depends on the geometry of the adsorbent and the temperature of the adsorption. It is the physical bonding of the gas molecules to a surface that encounters the low temperature gas. Generally, it is due to van der Waals forces. It takes place between all

Aluminium Chloride, also known as Aluminum Trichloride, is a pure compound. It is obtained from the exothermic reaction of aluminium and chlorine. The chemical formula for the pure compound is AlCl3. Aluminium is generally white, but the presence of iron and chloride turns the pure compound into yellow. It is highly optimised for organic reactions.

Froth flotation is a process of material separation considering water association and the density of minerals. It separates gangue and ore minerals. The physical-chemical properties of various chemicals are different. This principle is used for the separation of minerals using froth flotation and has vast practical applications. Some of the uses of froth floatation include

The hardness of water is determined by the concentration of minerals in the water. It contains mainly salts of magnesium and calcium. Normally hard water is not a serious threat to life. But sometimes, it is better to detect and remove it. Hardness causes residues in the dishwasher, less foam with detergents and soap, wearing

Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm refers to the equilibrium between the adsorbent and the adsorbate system. In this method, adsorbate adsorption is always limited to one molecular layer. It happens at or before one reaches the relative pressure of unity. This equation is used in multiple systems with moderately low coverage. Most importantly, it is used to

Hard water is a state of water with dissolved calcium and magnesium. There are two types of hard water. The hardness of water caused by calcium bicarbonate is known as temporary hardness. This dissolving of minerals takes place during normal water cycles, and the grade of hardness sometimes depends on the geological area. Residues in