Chemical stoichiometry

In chemistry, ligand theory is one among numerous theories that describe the electronic structure of coordination or complex compounds, particularly transition metal complexes, which have a core metal atom surrounded by electron-rich atoms or molecules referred to as ligands. The ligand theory investigates the origins and effects of metal–ligand interactions to know their magnetic, optical, […]

Nucleophiles are atom or molecule species in a chemical reaction. Rich in electrons, they readily donate electrons to other electron-deficient species. The reactions that proceed through nucleophile attacks are called nucleophilic reactions. Broadly, we can classify nucleophiles in three different types –  Lone pairs Sigma bond Π –bond What is a chemical reaction? A chemical

Mesomeric Effects are an essential topic in organic chemistry. Students preparing for the IIT JEE examination must know about the mesomeric effect. The terms mesomeric effect, mesomerism, and mesomer were coined by scientist Ingold in 1938. Mesomerism is a term that was coined by scientist Linus Pauling and is synonymous with resonance. However, in English,

The most basic definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Dissolved minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium, are plentiful in hard water. You may have felt the effects of hard water the last time you washed your hands. Depending on the hardness of your water, you may have

Colligative properties are those properties of any solution that doesn’t depend on the nature of solute but a total number of solute particles only. Colligative is a term derived from coligare, which is a Latin word. The meaning of coligare is to bind together. We will determine molar mass from colligative properties. One such colligative

In solids, the crystal arrangement is in a symmetrical pattern and it’s called imperfection or defect in solids. For the formation of crystal processes, defects take place. Defects happen in a very fast way because particles are closely packed in a solid they do not rearrange themselves. Small crystals arranged together closely make a solid. 

Catalysts are substances that change the rate of reaction by changing the path of the reaction. A catalyst is a substance that allows a chemical reaction to occur faster or under different conditions, such as at a lower temperature.  Catalysts can be of any matter – solid, liquid, or gas. Metals and their oxides, such

A carbonate is referred to as a polyatomic anion. The general chemical formula is  CO32- . In the structure of carbonate, a carbon atom is surrounded by three oxygen atoms, thereby forming a trigonal planar geometry. The formal charge is -2, and so it is a Lewis base and will attract protons that are present

A buffer solution is a solution that can oppose pH change upon the expansion of acidic or base components. Buffer solutions are composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a powerless base and conjugate acid. They can destroy limited quantities of added acids or bases, hence keeping the solution’s pH stable. This

Alcohols are chemical molecules with one, two, or more hydroxyl groups (OH) linked to each carbon atom in an alkyl group or hydrocarbon chain. These alcohols are water derivatives in which one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by an alkyl group, which in an organic structure is commonly indicated by the symbol R. Alcohol