Chemical stoichiometry

The reaction between a strong/weak acid and another strong/weak base to form salt and water is called a neutralisation reaction. Acid + Base → Salt + Water For example, HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) The reaction liberates heat to form H2O in the liquid state. Hence, it is an […]

Symmetrical patterns in crystal arrangement may be called defects or imperfections of solid. Defects happen faster because particles are closely packed in a solid and they do not rearrange themselves. Small crystals are arranged together closely and made solid. Defects of solid are mainly classified into two types- point defect or line defect. Some defects

Introduction The acid’s ability to lose its H⁺ ion is measured by its acid strength. A strong acid’s dissociation in solution is nearly complete, with the exception of its most concentrated solutions. Some  Examples of strong acids are nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, and sulfuric acid. In presence of both It’s dissociation product and 

Acids are substances whose pH value is below 7. These substances turn litmus paper red. They also have a sour taste and react with alkalis to form a salt.  When dissolved in water, the strength of an acid or a base is determined by its ionization ability. Acidic strength refers to an acid’s ability to

An activated complex can be defined as a middle stage that forms due to the change of a reactant into an end product. Activated complexes are a composition that leads to the highest energy juncture along the reaction path. An activated complex is usually confused with a transition state. However, it is different from the

The carbon cations are exceedingly reactive and unstable due to an incomplete octet, to name a few traits. Carbocations, in plain terms, do not have eight electrons and so they do not satisfy the octet rule. In carbocation, the carbon is sp2 hybridised forming a trigonal planar geometry. The outer electronic configuration of carbon contains

According to the energy profile diagrams in chemical kinetics, the transition states represent the maxima of energy. Whereas the reaction intermediates represent the minima of energy in the energy profile diagram. The reaction intermediates are somewhat stable species (as compared to transition states) that are stable enough to be observed, analysed and studied. These reaction

Before entering deep into the acylation mechanism concepts, we need to understand the meaning of the acylation mechanism and its importance. Acylation is also known as alkanoylation. It is a chemical reaction in which an acyl group will be added to a molecule or compound. The acyl group has a molecular formula of RCO, also

A nucleophile is a reactant in the equation that provides its electrons to the co-reactant to form new bonds in the chemical equation. It is primarily necessary to know what a Lewis base is to understand the concept of nucleophiles.  A Lewis base is any species with a filled orbital around the nucleus. It also

The reaction of an organic compound with water to generate two or more new substances is known as hydrolysis. It usually refers to the breaking of chemical bonds by adding water. Acid hydrolysis is a process in chemistry. Aprotic acid is used to catalyse the breaking of a chemical bond through a ‘nucleophile substitution reaction’