Chemical Thermodynamics

Among the two key methods of heat conduction in thermal energy, steady-state conduction is one of the most important concepts to be studied. Since thermal conductivity itself is an important property of matter, steady-state conduction and its related concepts can help us understand their relevance with respect to thermal conductivity and its wide-ranging applications.   In […]

A material’s standard state is a reference point used to determine its properties under various conditions. A thermodynamic quantity in the standard state is designated by a superscript circle or Plimsoll, such as a change in enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°), or Gibbs free energy (ΔG°). Since thermodynamic quantities are frequently expressed in terms of standard

The subsequent amount of heat that is required to increase the temperature of one gram of any substance by the value of one Celsius degree is called specific heat. The most commonly used units of specific heat are Calories or joules per gram per Celsius degree. Water, for example, has a specific heat of 1

In the various Chemical processes that require initiation in terms of  energy, This energy is  called Activation Energy. For Example automobile engines require activation energy. Various combustion and chemical reactions need Activation energy.  Solves samples, questions and formulas related to the activation energy Q: What is the purpose of activation energy? Why will a reaction

Transfer of energy is one of the most observed phenomena in the world. Since energy cannot be created nor be destroyed, its transfer governs many of the foundational laws of our universe. Heat is a form of energy that we all have observed in our daily lives, and it is also the first form of

Thermodynamics is the study of relationships between heat and energy such as potential, kinetic, light, mechanical, etc.  Generally, we study the following laws of Thermodynamics: Zeroth law of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics Third  law of thermodynamics Here we understand the second law of thermodynamics in detail with examples.

A mechanical refrigerator or simply a refrigerator works on the reverse principle of a heat engine. Therefore, a refrigerator is a device that undergoes a heat transfer process with the help of a certain external work. In his statement on the functioning of a refrigerator, Clausius stated that a perfect refrigerator cannot function on its

Introduction A similar mixture of compounds consists of physical properties that are straightforwardly connected to the element’s quality. The interactions in-between the molecules of the components do not vary from the interactions in-between the molecules of each component are known as the ideal solution. The molecules in the ideal solution apply forces on one another.

Entropy may be defined in a variety of ways, allowing it to be used in a variety of contexts, including thermodynamics, cosmology, and even economics. Entropy refers to the unexpected changes that occur in daily phenomena, as well as the universe’s inclination toward chaos. Entropy is a quantifiable physical attribute that is frequently linked to

Aluminium oxide, also known as  alumina, is a chemical oxide of aluminium and oxygen. The symbol for aluminium oxide is Al2O3. Aluminium oxide can be found in other naturally occurring minerals such as bauxite and corundum, the latter being the crystalline type of aluminium oxide commonly used in industry. Aluminium oxide is usually described as