Chemical Thermodynamics

A continuous boiling point combination, also known as an azeotrope, is a mixture comprising two or more liquids whose ratios cannot be adjusted or modified by simple distillation. Whenever an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour contains the same component ratios as the unboiled combination. Azeotropes are also known as constant boiling point combinations since their […]

Homogeneous and heterogeneous are the two types of azeotropes. Homogeneous azeotropes are miscible liquids. Heterogeneous azeotropes are liquids that are immiscible. Heterogeneous azeotropes are formed through two liquid phases after the process of condensation. Thus, these azeotropes have a high boiling point.  For homogeneous azeotropes, there are two methods used for the separation of these

Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that is used to calculate the amount of work done by a system at constant temperature and pressure. This maximum amount of work can be done only in a completely reversible process. A change in this energy is the difference between the heat released during a process and

Gibbs free energy defines the maximum work done by a thermodynamic system under constant pressure and constant temperature. ‘G’ is used to denote Gibbs free energy, and it is expressed in Joules or Kilojoules. This energy can also be interpreted as the amount of energy present in a system that can be used to perform

At room temperature, diborane is a colourless gas with an unpleasant, sweet odour. It easily generates explosive combinations when mixed with air. At room temperature, diborane will spontaneously ignite in moist air. Diborane is employed as a reducing agent, a rubber vulcaniser, a catalyst for hydrocarbon polymerisation, a flame-speed accelerator and a doping agent in

Perhaps the most straightforward methodology for deciding the sub-atomic load of assorted substances has been to utilise colligative properties of arrangement. Since the quantity of atoms of solute in an answer decides its colligative properties, this strategy is especially valuable for estimating the molar masses of confounded particles, proteins, macromolecules, and polymers. We make an

Introduction When a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, the vapour pressure of the solution decreases. The freezing point depression is an example of a colligative property that’s affected by the decrease in vapour pressure. In this article, we will discuss in-depth the freezing point depression, the formula for finding the freezing point

What is The Critical Temperature of a gas? The peak temperature at which a substance(gas) remains in a liquid state of matter defines the Critical Temperature of a gas. In other words, matter cannot be liquified at temperatures above its critical temperature, despite applying any amount of pressure on it. It is denoted by the

A new state function has been introduced in thermodynamics to indicate the direction and outcome of the spontaneity of a reaction. State functions are those physical properties that help in determining the state of a system like Internal energy (U), Enthalpy (H), Gibbs’s free energy (G), and Entropy (S). State functions are those where the

Azeotropes are defined as a mix of two distinct liquids, which either have a high or low boiling point.  Azeotropes occur when some of the liquid cannot be altered by distillation. Generally, when dealing with fusions, factors can be uprooted out of results using Fractional Distillation or repeated distillation in stages. Azeotrope separation is a