Entropy is one of the state functions used to measure the randomness of the thermodynamic system. Entropy is usually measured for a system and surroundings together to calculate the overall change in the Entropy. ∆S = Ssystem – S surroundings Or ∆S = Sfinal – S initial Or ∆S = S2-S1 Only the difference between […]
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Enthalpy, entropy, IIT JEEAdsorption is a surface phenomenon in which adsorbate molecules are attracted to the adsorbent. Adsorption reaction is an exothermic process because energy (heat) is always released when attractive interactions occur. The enthalpy of adsorption is the quantity of heat emitted when one mole of adsorbate is adsorbed mainly on the surface of an adsorbent. Adsorption
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Enthalpy, entropy, IIT JEEThe lowest temperature at which a substance can retain no heat energy is absolute zero. At this temperature, the vibrational motion of nature’s fundamental particles is insignificant. That temperature is 0K on the Kelvin scale, –273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale, and 459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. Any thermometric scale on which a measurement
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Enthalpy, entropy, IIT JEEA water source heat pump operates similarly to an air source heat pump, except that it absorbs and distributes heat via water rather than air. This home comfort system is not for everyone, but it may be worth examining if you live near a well, lake, or other natural water sources. All types of heat
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Gibbs free energy and spontaneity, IIT JEEIntroduction To explain the changes in both entropy and enthalpy, J. Willard Gibbs has defined a new function called Gibbs energy change or Gibbs potential G. This function is independent of variation in pressure and temperature. The change in Gibbs energy depends only on the state of the system, not on how that state was
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Gibbs free energy and spontaneity, IIT JEEIntroduction A process is spontaneous if it occurs naturally without any external force. In general, Spontaneous means something that happens continuously. But in thermodynamics, there is a different explanation for the spontaneity of process. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with work, temperature, energy, and heat. The laws of thermodynamics are used to
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Gibbs free energy and spontaneity, IIT JEEA spontaneous process in chemistry is one that happens without the need of external energy. Because spontaneity is unrelated to kinetics or response rate, a spontaneous process might occur swiftly or slowly. The transformation of carbon in the form of a diamond into graphite is a famous example, which may be expressed as follows: C(s)
Gibbs’ energy change is used to calculate the maximum amount of work done in a thermodynamic system with constant temperature and pressure. The sign ‘G’ represents Gibbs’ energy change. It is commonly measured in Joules or Kilojoules. The maximum amount of work extracted from a closed system is defined as Gibbs’ energy change. This characteristic
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Gibbs free energy and spontaneity, IIT JEEThe second law of thermodynamics deals with the physical property of entropy. Entropy change describes a reaction to be spontaneous or nonspontaneous. If the entropy change of a reaction is zero or above zero, a reaction is said to be spontaneous. If entropy change is negative, the reaction is said to be non-spontaneous. Later on,
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Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemistry, Class 11, Gibbs free energy and spontaneity, IIT JEEPlaster of Paris (POP; Calcium sulphate hemihydrate) is a whitish powder obtained from minerals found in rocks and used in the production of casts. It is made by heating gypsum or calcium sulphate dihydrate at a high temperature to create a pasty composition that becomes dry in the air at a normal temperature. POP is
