Chemical Thermodynamics

In metallurgy, we need to extract the metals from the ores. The ores may be of carbonates or sulphides. These ores are converted into oxides of the metals, and then the metal oxides are converted into metals using the electrolysis or reduction process. But it is not easy to reduce the sulphide ores or carbonates […]

The bulk modulus, also known as incompressibility, measures a substance’s capacity to sustain changes in volume when compressed on all sides. It’s calculated by dividing the compressive force by the relative deformation. The higher the bulk modulus of a substance, the greater the force required to deform it or change its volume. For example, steel

Boyle’s law states that the quantity of a perfect gas is inversely proportional to its absolute pressure at a constant temperature. The laws are often expressed as an equation in a few alternative ways. PV = k, where P denotes pressure, V denotes volume, and k denotes a continuing. When the temperature is kept constant,

Azeotropic mixtures are mixtures of two or more liquids with similar boiling points and a similar composition in their vapour phase. Azeotropic mixtures do not obey Raoult’s Law.  Raoult’s law tells us that a solution’s vapour pressure is always equal to the sum of the vapour pressure of the volatile components of that particular solution,

Azeotropic distillation uses the separation process to separate all constituents of an azeotropic mixture. The azeotropic mixture usually comprises two or even more fluids that cannot be differentiated by simple distillation. The fumes created by heating these mixtures contain the same percentages of fluids as the combination itself. As a result, azeotropic distillation is a

An azeotrope is a liquid mixture with a constant boiling point and the same vapour composition as the liquid. Using distillation, we may separate elements that would normally be mixed in an ideal solution since one component is often more volatile. However, the vapour and liquid concentrations are the same if the combination forms an

A binary mixture of two or more liquids that boils at a constant temperature and a given pressure shows a similarity in the concentration and their composition both in liquid and vapour phases: this is said to be an azeotrope mixture. In such mixtures, one component is more volatile than the other. The pressure is

This is a machine that moves heat from one or more places where it’s not very hot to areas where it is boiling simultaneously, with the help of an outside source of energy. Energy moves in the opposite direction of what happens naturally. Heat pumps do this by taking heat from a cold space and

Adiabatic Process A process in which there is no heat transfer or mass from one system to another is called the adiabatic process. The process can either be reversible or irreversible. It is a process of thermodynamics in which Q = 0.  This system is insulated. In these processes, the only heat transfer is in

Jacques Charles discovered in 1787 that given a fixed amount of gas, the volume of a gas sample rises linearly with temperature if the pressure is kept constant. Temperature was born as a result of this law. Kelvin is the temperature measurement unit. According to Charles’s law: The volume of an ideal gas is proportional