Chemical Thermodynamics

In any chemical process, the limiting reactant (or reagent) is a material which is totally absorbed when the chemical reaction is complete. This reagent restricts the amount of the product created and the reaction cannot continue without it.  During the precipitation reaction, information regarding the limiting agent can be determined by the presence of partial […]

Introduction  Chemical reaction Let’s look at how solid calcium interacts with hydrobromic acid : Ca + HBr → CaBr2 + H2 On the left side of the reaction, there is just one bromine and one hydrogen atom, but there are two atoms of each on the product’s side of the process. This is impossible because

An isothermal interaction is one in which the temperature of a framework stays steady, that is, ΔT=0, An isotherm is a sort of curve. It is a line drawn on a guide or outline that associates points of equivalent temperature. That is, the temperature values are something very similar anytime along an isotherm. In thermodynamics,

Introduction In quantitative terms Temperature describes how hot or cold something is. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, which is present in all matter, and is the cause of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when one body comes into contact with another that is cooler or hotter. Heat and temperature are

Internal energy includes the kinetic energy of molecules, as well as the energy stored in all chemical bonds between molecules. Energy transfers and conversions occur every time a system is changed due to the interplay of heat, work, and internal energy. During these transfers, however, no net energy is created or lost.    Work is

In a system, the temperature-dependent amount of heat that cannot be utilised to benefit the system is its entropy. As molecular motion is the source of work, entropy is also a measure of disorder or randomness. The heat absorbed when one mole of a substance melts at its melting point reversibly is the molar heat

The ideal gas law is also called the general gas law. As the name suggests, the law applies under ideal conditions, but not to real gases. The ideal gas law correlates pressure, volume, temperature and amount of gas. It was formulated in 1824 by French physicist Émile Clapeyron. The ideal gas law determines the product

In thermodynamics, we examine changes in the state caused by the combined action of heat and work. Specific rules govern the changes and their consequences, referred to as thermodynamic laws. Different chemical processes transform heat energy into various useful forms using thermodynamic principles. This is the essence of energy transformation: we cannot create or destroy

Heat transfer is a method or process that indicates the flow of thermal energy through higher to lower energy substances for transfer. Heat transfer is part of thermal engineering. It is also known as diffusion, a direct microscopic exchange of kinetic particles or molecules through a boundary between two systems.  This chapter is based on

Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one form to another. In this topic, we shall discuss the topics related to energy exhibited by matter or a substance which may be heat capacity, specific heat capacity, or molar heat capacity. There are several factors affecting Heat capacity. These might be the