Laws of thermodynamics

The transition of water vapour into liquid is known as condensation. Condensation can occur in two ways: the air is chilled to its dew point, or it becomes saturated with water vapour to the point where it can no longer retain its state. Condensation is a reaction in which two molecules combine, and water droplets […]

The Clausius statement of 2nd law provides for the workings of a refrigerator in a cyclic process in a mechanical system. The first law of thermodynamics has certain shortcomings; for instance, the first law does not explain why some mechanical processes in a closed system are reversed and only occur in one direction. The second

Jacques Charles discovered in 1787 that given a fixed amount of gas, the volume of a gas sample rises linearly with temperature if the pressure is kept constant. Temperature was born as a result of this law. Kelvin is the temperature measurement unit. According to Charles’s law: The volume of an ideal gas is proportional

Charles’ law is applicable only at low pressures and high temperatures. Only perfect gases are subject to Charles’ law. At high pressures, the relationship between quantity and temperature isn’t linear. In Charles’ law, the pressure is maintained at a constant level. If the pressure remains constant, the volume of the gas is proportional to the

Gas laws are the most fundamental laws of thermodynamics. They describe how the energy levels of atoms and molecules change with temperature, pressure, and chemical environment. They also describe how these change when a system is moving from one state to another. These laws are often used to predict the properties of a material when

Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier created the first hot air balloon in June 1783 by blowing a 30-foot [30 m]-long balloon into the sky. In order to adapt to the ground, the envelope had to walk one and a half kilometres above ground level. The word quickly travelled throughout France. As soon as he heard about

An ideal gas is a speculative gas made from many subjectively moving point particles that are not open to interparticle associations. The perfect gas thought is crucial since it conforms to the best gas law, deals with the condition of the state, and is agreeable to interpret under actual mechanics. Thus, an ideal gas is

The temperature of an object is something that we can sense, and it is an important part of the world around us. One of the most common ways to change the temperature of something is to heat it. This is usually done by heating something up, such as by using a stove or fire, or

Have you ever wondered how lime is produced from limestone? This process is carried out in the absence of oxygen, known as the calcination process. In simple words, the process in which the ore of any metal is heated in the absence of oxygen or air to high temperature is called the calcination process.  This

In metallurgy, we need to extract the metals from the ores. The ores may be of carbonates or sulphides. These ores are converted into oxides of the metals, and then the metal oxides are converted into metals using the electrolysis or reduction process. But it is not easy to reduce the sulphide ores or carbonates