Laws of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics refers to the movement of heat energy between a system and its surroundings, and the conversion of heat into mechanical energy and vice versa. Thermodynamic System  A thermodynamic system is a collection of molecules or atoms contained within an area under a specific pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T), which are the fundamental […]

All standard heat engines (steam, gasoline, diesel) operate by applying heat to a gas, which expands in a cylinder and pushes a piston to perform its function. So it’s simple to see how to convert heat into work, but that’s a one-time deal. To have a useful engine, we need it to keep repeating. The

When two or more chemicals react together, they produce a new substance– this simple statement makes the basis of the big chemical industries manufacturing tons and tons of compounds every year. Manufacture of compounds means transforming one form of matter to another using the already designed chemical synthesis schemes. In other words, chemical industries manufacture

What is energy? According to experts, energy is the ability to perform work. Studies have shown that it is possible to transfer energy from one medium to another and use it to perform tasks that allow the way of life to exist. Walking, cooking, driving, and other daily activities all require an amount of energy.

Convection is a type of heat transfer. Thus before understanding what is Convection? It becomes essential to first understand what heat transfer is? Heat transfer is defined as the movement of heat from one body to another due to the difference in temperature. Different processes carry out the transport of heat from one body. In every phenomenon

Introduction Vapour pressure is defined as a pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid at the equilibrium state is called the vapour pressure of the liquid at the given temperature. It is also termed the equilibrium vapour pressure. When a liquid is heated, its molecules overcome the forces holding them in the liquid form

At average temperatures, a constituent with a high vapour pressure is volatile.  Volatility is the material property of a substance that describes its readiness to vaporise. Vapour pressure is also referred to as equilibrium vapour pressure. It is the pressure exerted by the vapour when it is in a thermodynamic equilibrium state. The exerted pressure

The thermal energy released or absorbed during a phase shift, without increasing or reducing the temperature of the thermodynamic system, is known as latent heat. There are various types of latent heat, each of which is determined by a substance’s transitions. The latent heat of fusion, evaporation, solidification, and condensation are examples of latent heat.

A transition from one equilibrium macrostate to another is defined as a thermodynamic process. The process’s distinguishing elements are the initial and final states. A system begins from an initial state 1, defined by a pressure P1, a volume V1, and a temperature T1. It progresses through various quasi-static stages to a final state 2,

Catalysis is the process in which the rate of reaction is influenced by a substance that is not mixed or gets consumed in the all-over reaction and does not affect the final product. The process involves complicated organic substances with a different functional group. The rate of reaction depends upon various factors such as the