Gibbs free energy and spontaneity

A water source heat pump operates similarly to an air source heat pump, except that it absorbs and distributes heat via water rather than air. This home comfort system is not for everyone, but it may be worth examining if you live near a well, lake, or other natural water sources. All types of heat […]

Introduction To explain the changes in both entropy and enthalpy, J. Willard Gibbs has defined a new function called Gibbs energy change or Gibbs potential G. This function is independent of variation in pressure and temperature. The change in Gibbs energy  depends only on the state of the system, not on how that state was

Introduction A process is spontaneous if it occurs naturally without any external force. In general, Spontaneous means something that happens continuously. But in thermodynamics, there is a different explanation for the spontaneity of process. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with work, temperature, energy, and heat. The laws of thermodynamics are used to

A spontaneous process in chemistry is one that happens without the need of external energy. Because spontaneity is unrelated to kinetics or response rate, a spontaneous process might occur swiftly or slowly. The transformation of carbon in the form of a diamond into graphite is a famous example, which may be expressed as follows: C(s)

Gibbs’ energy change is used to calculate the maximum amount of work done in a thermodynamic system with constant temperature and pressure. The sign ‘G’ represents Gibbs’ energy change. It is commonly measured in Joules or Kilojoules. The maximum amount of work extracted from a closed system is defined as Gibbs’ energy change. This characteristic

The second law of thermodynamics deals with the physical property of entropy. Entropy change describes a reaction to be spontaneous or nonspontaneous. If the entropy change of a reaction is zero or above zero, a reaction is said to be spontaneous. If entropy change is negative, the reaction is said to be non-spontaneous. Later on,

Plaster of Paris (POP; Calcium sulphate hemihydrate) is a whitish powder obtained from minerals found in rocks and used in the production of casts. It is made by heating gypsum or calcium sulphate dihydrate at a high temperature to create a pasty composition that becomes dry in the air at a normal temperature. POP is

A continuous boiling point combination, also known as an azeotrope, is a mixture comprising two or more liquids whose ratios cannot be adjusted or modified by simple distillation. Whenever an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour contains the same component ratios as the unboiled combination. Azeotropes are also known as constant boiling point combinations since their

Homogeneous and heterogeneous are the two types of azeotropes. Homogeneous azeotropes are miscible liquids. Heterogeneous azeotropes are liquids that are immiscible. Heterogeneous azeotropes are formed through two liquid phases after the process of condensation. Thus, these azeotropes have a high boiling point.  For homogeneous azeotropes, there are two methods used for the separation of these

Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that is used to calculate the amount of work done by a system at constant temperature and pressure. This maximum amount of work can be done only in a completely reversible process. A change in this energy is the difference between the heat released during a process and