Atomic Structure

Atoms make up everything around us. They are the smallest unit of matter. Atoms have two major parts – the central nucleus containing protons (the positively charged particles) and neutrons (no charge particles), and the electron shells (outermost region) containing electrons (negatively charged particles).  Meaning of Rutherford’s Structure of Atom Physicist Ernest Rutherford developed this […]

Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon, typically occurring in metamorphic rocks as flakes or crystalline layers. It is formed by the metamorphosis of carbonaceous sediments. In nature, it is also found in igneous rocks, meteorites, and the mineral plumbago. Artificially, it can be prepared by heating powdered coke mixed with some sand and ferric

Introduction Fission and fusion include the dispersal and mix of natural nuclei and isotopes. A portion of nuclear science tries to understand the interaction behind this peculiarity. Including the singular masses of every one of these subatomic particles of some random component will constantly give you a more prominent mass than the mass of the

Molecular Geometry gives data about the overall state of the particle as well as bond lengths, bond points, torsional points and whatever other mathematical boundaries that decide the place of every molecule. In covalent particles, the bonds are directional because the common sets of electrons stay limited in a positive space between the nuclei of

One of the earliest models proposed to describe the structure of an atom was the plum pudding model proposed by J.J Thomson. It states that the atom consists of a homogeneous sphere of positive charges, inside of which are tiny negatively charged particles(electrons).  To test the validity of this model, Ernest Rutherford experimented in 1911

Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle Introduction The Aufbau principle, derived from the German Aufbauprinzip (building-up principle), sometimes known as the Aufbau rule, asserts that electrons occupy the lowest in the ground state of an atom or ion accessible energy subshells first, then higher energy subshells. The phosphorus atom, for example, has

Before learning about Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, we should know about the nature of light. Einstein assumed and knew that light is a particle (photon) and we know that the flow of photons is a wave. Einstein proposed that light is a particle (photon) and the inflow of photons is a wave. The main point of

The quantum mechanical model of the atom is based on Schrödinger’s equation and the solutions derived from it. In the quantum mechanical model of the atom, the dual nature of the particle is considered. Dual nature includes particle nature and wave nature.  Rather than certainty, the basis of the model is probability. It is difficult

When electrons interact with crystalline materials, the resultant is a pattern of rings accompanied by spots, which characterise the sample. This phenomenon is referred to as electron diffraction.  On a TEM (transmission electron microscope), electron diffraction is performed by focusing the beam down to the point that may be focused at a single particle or