A non-animal, plant, or fungal protist (i.e., a creature with a cell nucleus). While Protists are thought to have sprung from the same progenitor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), Protists do not constitute a natural group, or clade, because other eukaryotes are not present. As a result, certain protists are more closely related to animals, plants, or fungus than to other protists; yet, the biological category protist is employed for convenience, as it is for the grouping of algae, invertebrates, and protozoans. Protistology is the study of Protista.
Kingdom Protista
Protists include all eukaryotes other than fungi, mammals, and plants. As a result, this group has a wide range of species. The eukaryotes that make up this kingdom, Kingdom Protista, have nothing in common other than a rudimentary organisational structure Protists come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Some are small and unicellular, like an amoeba, while others, like seaweed, are large and multicellular. Multicellular protists, on the other hand, lack tissues and organs that are highly specialised. This minimal cellular-level arrangement separates protists from other eukaryotes, such as fungi, mammals, and plants. There are expected to be between 60,000 and 200,000 protist species, and more have yet to be discovered.
Protists may survive in practically any liquid water habitat. Many protists, such as algae, are photosynthetic and serve a crucial role as local production in habitats. Other protists cause a variety of deadly human illnesses, including malaria and sleeping sickness. In 1866, Ernst Haeckel coined the term “Protista.” Animal-like protozoa, plant-like Protophyta (mainly algae), and fungus-like slime moulds and water moulds were the conventional classifications for protists based on their resemblance to plants, animals, or fungi. Traditional categories, which were mostly based on non-scientific qualities, have been supplanted by phylogenetic classifications (evolutionary relatedness among organisms). The older terminology, on the other hand, is still used informally to describe the broad features of distinct protists.
Characteristics of Kingdom Protista
Protists are all eukaryotic creatures, which is their most distinguishing trait. They have a membrane-enclosed nucleus, which indicates they have a membrane-enclosed nucleus. The following are some of the other distinguishing characteristics of the Kingdom Protista:
- These are mainly aquatic and can be found in the soil or in damp regions.
- While the majority of protist species are unicellular, there are a few multicellular protists, such as kelp. Kelp species may reach heights of more than 100 feet in some cases. (Kelp Giant)
- These species’ cells, like those of other eukaryotes, feature a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- They might be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. An autotrophic creature may survive by producing its own nourishment. In order to thrive, a heterotrophic creature must obtain nutrients from other species such as plants or animals.
- Members of this class show signs of symbiosis. Kelp (seaweed) is a multicellular protist that uses its thick kelp to defend otters from predatory animals. The otters, in turn, consume sea urchins, which eat kelp.
- Protists exhibit parasitism as well. For example, Humans can get sleeping sickness from Trypanosoma protozoa.
- Cilia and flagella are used by protists to move around. The kingdom Protista has a few species with pseudopodia that assist them move.
- Asexual reproduction is used by Protista. Sexual reproduction is exceedingly uncommon and only happens in situations of high stress.
Classification of Protista: The kingdom Protista is divided into the following categories:
Protozoa: Protozoa are single-celled creatures. Protozoans have been dubbed “animal” protists because they are heterotrophic and exhibit animal-like behaviours.
Parasitic protozoans can also be found in the cells of bigger creatures. The majority of the members are not of a predetermined form. An amoeba, for example, can alter shape endlessly, but a paramecium has a distinct slipper-like shape. Amoeba, paramecium, and euglena are some of the most well-known protozoans. Euglena is a free-living protozoa with chlorophyll, which implies it can manufacture its own food, unlike the other members of this category.
Protozoans may be classified into four groups:
- Amoeboid protozoans are generally found in fresh or saline water basins. They feature pseudopodia (fake feet) that let them shift form as well as capture and swallow food. Amoeba, for example.
- Flagellated protozoans — This group’s members have flagella, as the name implies. They can be both free-living and parasitic. Euglena, for example.
- Ciliated protozoans – These protozoans contain cilia all over their bodies that aid in motility and nourishment. They’re always in the water. Paramecium, for example.
- Sporozoans — These creatures get their name from the fact that they have a spore-like stage in their life cycle. Plasmodium, for example, is a malarial parasite.
Slime moulds: Slime moulds are self-sustaining creatures (they feed on the dead and decaying matter). These are little creatures with a large number of nuclei. Slime moulds are often identified by the presence of plasmodium aggregates, which are visible to the naked eye.
Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates and Euglenoids
These belong to the kingdom Protista as well. These creatures are usually single-celled or multicellular. These photosynthetic organisms can be found in freshwater or saltwater lakes. They have a thick cell wall that makes them stand out.
- Chrysophytes: Diatoms and golden algae are examples of chrysophytes. The presence of a stiff siliceous cell wall distinguishes them. The formation of diatomaceous earth is caused by the buildup of cell wall deposits. Photosynthetic creatures are what they are.
- Dinoflagellates: Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic and come in a variety of colours depending on the pigment they contain. They emit bioluminescence and have been linked to red tide.
- Euglenoids: Plants and animals are linked via euglenoids. They don’t have a cell wall, but they do photosynthesis. In the absence of sunshine, they feed on tiny creatures as a heterotroph. A pellicle is a protein-rich coating that covers the outside of the body. Euglena, Trachelomonas, and so forth.
The Importance of Protists in the Environment
- Protists are the building blocks of the food chain.
- Protists are symbionts, which means they have a tight interaction with another species in which one benefits.
- Some protists create oxygen, which might be utilised to make biofuel.
- Many animals eat protists as their major source of nutrition.
- Protists are occasionally collected by humans for food and other industrial purposes.
- Whales eat phytoplankton as one of their few sources of food.
- Seaweed is an alga, which is a kind of protist that looks like a plant.
- Shrimp and larval crabs are among the water organisms that feed zooplankton.
Conclusion
Overall, Protists may make a significant contribution to the world’s ecosystems and surroundings, such as Protists create about half of the oxygen on the earth via. Without protists, humans would be unable to survive on Earth. Other protists breakdown and recycle nutrients required for human survival.