Difference Between Homologous and Non Homologous Chromosomes

Organs that evolved in the embryo in the same way and from similar sources, such as matching primordia in successive segments of the same animal, are referred to as serially homologous in developmental biology. Centipede legs, insect maxillary and labial palps, and the spinous projections of successive vertebrae in a vertebral column are all examples. Male and female reproductive organs, as well as the ovaries and testicles of mammals including humans, are homologous if they develop from the same embryonic tissue.In terms of common ancestry, sequence homology between protein or DNA sequences is defined similarly.

A speciation event (orthologs) or  duplications event might lead two segments of DNA to share ancestry (paralogs). Protein or DNA homology is a term used to describe how similar two proteins or DNA are.Their sequence similarity was inferred. Significant similarity between two sequences is a strong indication of divergent evolution from a common ancestor. To find homologous regions, several sequence alignments are used.

Homology in animal behaviour is still debatable, however there is evidence that dominance hierarchies, for example, are homologous across primates.

Difference Between Homologous and Non Homologous Chromosomes

The genetic material of a cell is organised into chromosomes in the nucleus. The two types of chromosomes recognised based on the pairing pattern of chromosomes during metaphase 1 of meiosis are homologous and non-homologous chromosomes.

Homologous Chromosomes

A homologous chromosome pair is made up of chromosomes with similar lengths, gene positions, and centromere locations. Because they contain DNA and genetic instructions for the direction of all cell activity, chromosomes are crucial molecules. They also include genes that determine specific characteristics that can be passed down through generations. Each human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46.

A set of homologous chromosomes is represented by each chromosomal pair. Each homologous pair receives one chromosome from the mother and the other from the father during sexual reproduction. There are 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes in a karyotype. Both males (X and Y) and females (X and X) have homologous sex chromosomes.Reproduction in Cells.

Mitosis and meiosis are the two methods in which a cell can divide and reproduce. Mitosis duplicates a cell exactly, while meiosis produces one-of-a-kind cells. Both of these cellular reproduction processes are required for human survival.During the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes divide, and the ensuing sister chromatids separate during the second division. Four different daughter cells are formed at the completion of meiosis.  The chromosomes that result have the same number of genes but distinct gene alleles.

Non Homologous Chromosomes

While several studies have shed light on homologous pairing during meiosis, non-homologous pairing has received far less attention. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was utilized to analyse non-homologous pairing in haploid rice during meiosis in the current investigation. Non-homologous chromosomes paired and produced synaptonemal complexes at pachytene.

According to the results of the FISH investigation, chromosome pairing can be classified into three types: univalent (one chromosome paired fold-back), bivalent (two non-homologous chromosomes paired), and multivalent (three or more non-homologous chromosomes paired). 65 cells contained univalents, 45 contained bivalents, and 49 contained multivalents in a survey of 70 cells. Furthermore, non-homologous bivalents formed more frequently on chromosomes 9 and 10, as well as chromosomes 11 and 12.

At diakinesis or metaphase I, however, chiasma was always seen in the bivalent solely between chromosomes 11 and 12, showing that pairing between these two chromosomes leads to non-homologous recombination during meiosis. Immunodetection of RCE8, PAIR2, and ZEP1 confirmed the development of synaptonemal complexes between non-homologs. At pachytene in haploids.

Conclusion

Organs that evolved in the embryo in the same way and from similar sources, such as matching primordia in successive segments of the same animal, are referred to as serially homologous in developmental biology. The genetic material of a cell is organised into chromosomes in the nucleus. The two types of chromosomes recognised based on the pairing pattern of chromosomes during metaphase 1 of meiosis are homologous and non-homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are those with the same pair of chromosomes, whereas non-homologous chromosomes are those with separate pairings of chromosomes. The main distinction between homologous and non-homologous chromosomes is that homologous chromosomes contain alleles of the same gene type in the same loci, whereas non-homologous chromosomes contain alleles of different gene types.